Detection of foreign objects in large charging volume applications

ABSTRACT

A wireless power transmission system includes a wireless power transmitter, a wireless power transfer circuit electrically connectable to the at least one wireless power transmitter, and a transmitter controller. The transmitter controller is configured to perform an initial foreign object detection prior to any transmission of wireless power, the initial foreign object detection for detecting presence of a foreign object within a charge volume, the initial foreign object detection determining an initial quality factor (Q). The controller is further configured to begin wireless power transfer negotiations with one of the one or more wireless power receivers, if the initial Q has a value in a range indicating that an object in the charge volume is a wireless power receiver, and perform continuous foreign object detection, if the initial Q has the value in the range indicating that an object in the charge volume is a wireless power receiver.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to systems, apparatus, and methods for wireless power transfer and, more particularly, to systems, methods, and apparatus for foreign object detection in large charging volume applications.

BACKGROUND

A challenge with wireless power transfer involves a transmitting element being able to generate a sufficiently high concentration of magnetic field flux to reach a receiving element at a particular distance away.

Inductive wireless power transfer occurs when magnetic fields created by a transmitting element induce an electric field, and hence electric current, in a receiving element. These transmitting and receiving elements will often take forms of coils of wire. The amount of power that is transferred wirelessly depends on mutual inductance, which is a function of transmitter inductance, receiver inductance, and coupling. Coupling is measured in terms of a coupling coefficient (“k”), which quantifies how much magnetic field is captured by a receiver coil.

Coupling will decrease when distance increases between a transmitting element and a receiving element. This leads to lower mutual inductance, and less power transfer. This effect can be counteracted by increasing transmitter inductance and/or receiver inductance. One disadvantage is that doing so causes equivalent series resistance (ESR) to increase, which leads to more heat and greater energy losses.

When designing present-day systems, electronics and magnetics designers must make trade-offs, since designs which transmit power effectively at larger distances usually create greater electromagnetic interference (EMI) and higher heat levels. Moreover, components of an electrical system can be damaged or forced to shut down if heat levels rise excessively. Excess heat can also degrade battery life.

Examples of situations where longer-distance wireless power transfer would be helpful include harsh environments where sizable housings or barriers must be placed around equipment, thereby preventing a transmitting coil and a receiving coil from being positioned near to one another. Other, similar examples include situations where accessories—such as a hand strap, a phone cover, a card holder, a case, a vehicle mount, a personal electronic device accessory, a phone grip, and/or a stylus holder—must be positioned between a transmitting coil and a receiving coil.

Longer-distance wireless power transfer is often also limited by the design of the device being charged, the design of the charging system, or both in combination. For example, the size and number of devices requiring charging may not allow for longer-distance charging. Likewise, the size and design of the charging system may pre-determine a maximum charging distance for a device, which is less than the distance needed by the device to be charged. Present-day charging systems which require devices be placed within a charging bay, or in contact with the charging bay, may preclude charging over-sized devices. Even multiple device charging systems (e.g., a multi-bay system having multiple bays for multiple devices) have left this issue unresolved. An example where size and number of devices needing re-charge matter, and where bay or multiple device charging systems are needed, is in industrial warehouses where multiple inventory tracking devices require simultaneous charging, especially overnight or in between shifts.

Another issue affecting efficacy of present-day multi-device charging at longer distances is that charging efficacy generally requires proper alignment of each power receiving device with the power transmitter. Transmitter housing designs that mechanically align a receiver and a transmitter or transmitter circuitry in a charging system, whether provided on one singular printed circuit board or multiple printed circuit boards, or even when WPT coils may be driven by multiple controllers or one controller, do not resolve the above issues discussed.

Challenges also exist in the area of communication of data in wireless power transfer systems. Many modern power transfer systems are dependent on data communication between a power transmitter and a power receiver, which allows appropriate adjustments to be made that maintain charging effectiveness. (Data transfer and power transfer may be done by utilizing a single antenna, or different antennas.) However, oftentimes there may be other antennas or devices in close proximity which use similar communication methodologies, and which can make is difficult to differentiate and appropriately filter messages that are required for effective and/or efficient wireless power transfer. In addition to the above, challenges also exist in handling larger currents required for a system to provide power at a specified distance and frequency of operation. Therefore, component selection is critical to ensure a reliable and safe operating system.

Electrical systems have other limitations in certain use cases that must be factored in when designing a WPT system. System components such as ferrite, which enhance performance of wireless power transfer, can be vulnerable to cracks or breakage if subjected to sudden impact or high stress. Heat buildup is yet another issue; for example, excessive and/or prolonged exposure at elevated temperatures can cause component damage, or can force a system slowdown or shutdown, limiting reliability and utility of the electrical system. Additionally, thermal issues usually limit wattage which can be transferred in a system such as a wireless power system. This is the case because, given constant voltage, higher wattage transfer levels will require more electric current, and higher current levels cause exponentially more heat to be generated due to electrical resistance.

In general, heat-dissipation features in electronics use a heat-conducting material (such as metal) to remove heat from an apparatus. If this heat-conducting material possesses a large surface area which is exposed to air or another surrounding environment, heat is transferred to a surrounding environment efficiently and carried away from the apparatus. Larger surface areas result in more effective heat dissipation, and can be obtained by using larger amounts of heat-conducting material, and can also be obtained with adaptations such as fans, fins, pins, bars, and/or other protrusions. Specialized features used to dissipate excess heat in this way are often referred to as “heat sinks.” However, existing systems with heat-dissipation features are often limited because their heat sinks are made of metal, which means magnetic fields can couple to them and increase heat generation by, for example, inducing eddy currents. Moreover, existing heat dissipation features are frequently costly to make, and might require exotic materials and/or significant space. Finally, and more importantly, heat sinks that are made out of metal will not always provide adequate electromagnetic interference (EMI) protection, since they are not grounded to a main ground plane.

In addition to the above, it is important to note that heat dissipation is critical for multidevice charging solutions, where two or more transmitters and two or more receivers are built into a system. With heat-generating components located near each other, their combined effect may raise temperature to unacceptable levels quicker than in a single charged system. More powerful power supplies are used to deliver power to multiple device systems, and such systems require longer cables to deliver power from the power supply to every single power transfer area. This results in higher losses that generate more heat. For such hardware configurations, it becomes critical to redirect heat from where it is generated to where it can be dissipated into a surrounding environment. If cooling with natural convection and conduction is not enough to keep such systems at safe temperature levels, active cooling (with fans or other similar subsystems) has to be used. This further increases complexity and ownership cost of such systems.

In general, present-day wireless power systems operate over short distances. For example, typical Qi™ systems use a 3 mm -5 mm coil-to-coil distance range. As such, there is a need for a power-transmitting system which limits electromagnetic interference and heat creation, while also transmitting an acceptable amount of power at extended distances. Additionally, there is a need to provide a system that can operate in a low frequency range of 25 kHz-300 kHz.

Likewise, with multiple device charging stations packing multiple wireless charging transmitter systems closer together, inter-system interference levels increase. These effects are amplified when the systems operate on the same technology, i.e., 2 Qi™ transmitters. Therefore, there is a need to address unintended inter-system interaction once a coil's center is within approximately 3 times the diameter of a nearby coil. This is true for coils used for power and/or data transfer.

Additionally, in present-day WPT systems, a power transmitting unit (PTU) can only support communication with a single power receiving unit (PRU), for systems that transfer data between PRU and PTU by modulating information on top of a standing carrier wave. In other words, for every PRU, the system needs a complete PTU. This increases a final price of the charging system as a function of how many PRUs must be supported, as well as the cost of a PTU [System Cost is proportional to (#PRUs)*(#PTUs)]. Also, for the systems described above, bandwidth (BW) of a data channel is limited by carrier frequency and modulation frequency, f_(m), where BW=2*f_(m). Additionally, magnitude of amplitude modulation (AM), directly impacts instantaneous impedances seen by a transmitter power amplifier (PA). (With larger impedance changes, more stable and tolerant power amplifiers are required.) Hence, there is also a need for a more rugged, less costly solution.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This system comprises features which allow the transfer of more power wirelessly at longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes than present-day systems operating in the same or similar frequency or frequency range. The system possesses optional heat dissipation features. These features allow effective operation at the longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes without excessive temperature rise and/or in elevated-temperature environments. The system may incorporate rugged design features that with stand shock, vibration, drops and impacts. The system may also include electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation features, custom shaped components fabricated from particular materials that enhance system performance, or system and/or module electronics that support or direct system conditions and/or performance. Antenna and/or battery integration options are also included.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, provided are components, assemblies, modules, and methods for wireless power transmission (WPT) systems that transfer more power wirelessly at longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes than other systems operating in the same or similar frequency ranges and coil sizes. The various embodiments disclosed herein generally apply to power-transmitting (Tx) and/or power-receiving (Rx) systems, apparatuses, transmitters, receivers and related constituents and components. Also, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, disclosed are features, structures, and constructions for limiting electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels, managing excess heat, ruggedizing to withstand shock, vibration, impacts and drops, detecting foreign objects, communicating data effectively, and maximizing efficiency of, between and across multiple wireless power transmitters, each individually or all simultaneously. Also, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, disclosed are features, structures, and constructions for limiting electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels, managing excess heat, ruggedizing to withstand shock, vibration, impacts and drops, detecting foreign objects, communicating data effectively, and maximizing efficiency of, between and across multiple wireless power transmitters, each individually or all simultaneously.

Further, the various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied to either a Qi system, Qi-like system, or similar low frequency systems so that when the embodiments within are incorporated into such systems, the embodiments within enable the transfer of more power by these systems at a longer range, an extended distance and a larger volume. This is accomplished by redirecting, reshaping and/or focusing a magnetic field generated by a wireless Tx system so that at longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes the magnetic field changes. The present application provides various embodiments of coil design, firmware settings (which affect the control loop), and mitigation of heat features (which may have significant temperature rise due to the electrical current required in order to reach these longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes), which may each be incorporated within such systems separately or in combinations thereof.

In some embodiments disclosed, a component, an assembly, a module, a structure, a construct or a configuration comprises one or more protective materials, wherein the one or more protective materials avoids or suppresses one of a movement, a stress, a pressure, an impact, a drop, a shock, a vibration, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises one of a foam, an adhesive, a resin, an elastomer, a polymer, a plastic, a composite, a metal, an alloy, an interface material, a pad, a plate, a block, a sheet, a film, a foil, a fabric, a weave, a braid, a mesh, a screen, an encapsulation, or a custom form, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises one or more pressure-sensitive adhesives. In some embodiments, the protective material comprises one or more encapsulations. In some embodiments, the one or more encapsulations comprises one or components. In some embodiments, the one or more encapsulation components comprise at least one of the protective materials listed above. In some embodiments, the one or more encapsulations surround one or more individual components of a power system. In some embodiments, the one or more encapsulation components comprise a bracket, a holder, a brace, and/or a mechanical support construct.

Embodiments disclosed herein comprise a component, an assembly, a module, a structure, a construct or a configuration comprising one of a magnetic material, a ferrimagnetic material, or combinations thereof, wherein the component, the assembly, the structure, the construct or the configuration reshapes a magnetic field generated by a wireless power transmitter so that the magnetic field is more concentrated at a distant position or at a spatial volume location at or within which a power receiver resides. Such magnetic field concentration increases coupling between the transmitter and the receiver, resulting in more efficient power transfer. Some embodiments further comprise a component, an assembly, a module, a structure, a construct or a configuration having one of a magnetic material, a ferrimagnetic material, or combinations thereof, wherein the component, the assembly, the structure, the construct or the configuration comprises a magnetic material, the magnetic material comprising a surface having a surface area, wherein the surface of the magnetic material comprises one or more horizontal planes, each horizontal plane optionally comprising one or more projections extending vertically from at least one of the one or more horizontal planes.

Embodiments disclosed comprise features which dissipate heat more effectively than present-day power-transmitting (Tx) systems, limiting heat buildup and creating new options for using the subject technology in a wide range of applications. Some embodiments comprise one or more power transmitting coils positioned over a chassis, the chassis comprising a high thermal conductivity material or a metal, wherein the chassis is capable of dissipating heat and/or configured to dissipate heat. The chassis may further comprise a heat spreader at least partially adhered to one or more surfaces of the chassis. The chassis may further be selected from the group consisting of a bracket, a holder, a brace, a bezel, a framework, a frame, a skeleton, a shell, a casing, a housing, a structure, a substructure, a bodywork, a body, a component, an assembly, a module, a structure, a construct, a configuration, and a mechanical support.

Embodiments can be especially useful in demanding applications, for example, when operating in elevated temperature environments, within limited spaces, at high power, at high electrical currents, at high voltages, using costly active cooling devices, and the like. In such cases, components must remain below a certain temperature to operate effectively. For example, one reason that typical wireless power systems are not used for extended-range or extended-power applications is because doing so would increase voltage and current, causing excessive heat buildup that could endanger operations and possibly cause a system shutdown. Specifically regarding using active cooling devices, embodiments of the present application dissipate heat without active cooling, which has the added benefit of lowering cost. However, heat dissipating embodiments of the present application may be configured to comprise active cooling. The active cooling may further comprise a mechanical cooling structure and/or a liquid cooling structure. Some embodiments effectively dissipate heat, allowing continued operation of systems and processes even when operating requirements and or conditions cause significant heat to be generated.

Embodiments disclosed herein comprise a magnetic material backing with a magnetic material core, wherein the magnetic material backing with the magnetic material core increases coupling by focusing magnetic fields in a more uniform direction. The magnetic material backing with the magnetic material core comprises one of a flat configuration, a “top hat”, a T-core, a T-shape, an E-core or an E-shape magnetic material structure. The magnetic material structure further comprises a base having a thickness and one or more protrusions or other separate structures residing either above that base or below the base, with or without one or more projections. The resulting increase in coupling between a transmitter and a receiver translates into more effective power transfer and less power dissipation, even if distance between a transmitter and receiver is increased. In some embodiments, the magnetic material backing is of a larger dimension than is typically found in standard present-day WPT systems, which provides a transmitter that offers higher efficiency than the WPT systems of today. This higher efficiency is in addition to the extended-distance and volume performance, which present-day WPT systems typically cannot do. Hence, this offers particular advantage in use cases where having a compact transmitter is less important than having higher wireless power transfer efficiency at longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes.

Some embodiments disclosed herein include a single coil, a multi-layer coil, a multi-tiered coil, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments the single coil, the multi-layer coil, the multi-tiered coil, or the combinations thereof reside on one or more planes. Coils residing on one or more planes further increase coupling and spatial freedom between the wireless transmitter and the wireless receiver. One or more single coil, multi-layer coil, multi-tiered coil or combinations thereof are positionable on, at, near or adjacent a magnetic material. One or more single coil, multi-layer coil, multi-tiered coil or combinations thereof may comprise a first coil portion positioned on, at, near or adjacent a first magnetic material, and a second coil portion positioned on, at, near or adjacent a second magnetic material. One or more single coil, multi-layer coil, multi-tiered coil or combinations thereof may comprise a coil portion positioned on, at, near or adjacent n-number of magnetic materials. The multi-layer and multi-tiered coils may be connected in series, may reside in one or more horizontal planes, or both. Some embodiments comprise either a Tx coil, an Rx coil, or both, wherein the Tx coil, the Rx coil, or both comprise one of a single coil, a multi-layer coil, a multi-tiered coil, or combinations thereof, wherein the Tx coil, the Rx coil, or both are positioned on, at, near or adjacent one of a magnetic material, a magnetic material comprising multiple pieces, or one or more magnetic materials. The magnetic material comprising multiple pieces, the one or more magnetic materials, or both may further comprise the same material or two or more different magnetic materials. Two or more Tx coils, or Rx coils and their respective driving circuitry may each be configured to be controlled by a common controller, or alternately may each be controlled by its own unique controller. Some embodiments comprise either a Tx coil, an Rx coil, or both, wherein the Tx coil, the Rx coil, or both comprise one of a single coil, a multi-layer coil, a multi-tiered coil, or combinations thereof, wherein the single coil, the multi-layer coil, the multi-tiered coil, or combinations comprise one or more extended connection ends, wherein a portion of at least one of the extended connection ends comprises an insulating material. The insulating material may further be configured to surround only the at least one extended connection end. In this case, the insulating material does not surround any portion of the wire of the coil structure. In some embodiments, a power system comprises one of a single coil, a multi-layer coil, a multi-tiered coil, or combinations thereof. A multi-layer or a multi-tiered coil may further comprise a first coil part positioned within a first plane and a second coil part positioned within a second plane. In some embodiments, a multi-layer or multi-tiered coil is an antenna configured to transfer power, energy and/or data wirelessly.

Embodiments disclosed herein provide power transfer at distances of about 5 mm to about 25 mm, when the wattage range is greater than 1 nW up to 30 W. These power transfer distances are further provided while operating at frequencies ranging from 25 kHz to 300 kHz, the range of which includes the Qi™ frequencies; for example, a most common Power Transmitter design A11 from Qi™ (WPC) operates at frequencies between 110 kHz-205 kHz. As a point of reference, these type of present-day configured Qi™-compatible systems typically operate at distances of only 3 mm to 5 mm to effectively transfer power wirelessly; hence, the embodiments disclosed herein are capable of transmitting power at distances from 5 times to a little over 8 times the 3 mm to 5 mm distances of the present-day Qi™-compatible systems.

Embodiments disclosed herein provide reduced EMI. Some embodiments provide reduced EMI by operating at a fixed frequency, and some embodiments provide reduced EMI while operating at a variable frequency.

The embodiments and descriptions disclosed in this specification are contemplated as being usable separately, and/or in combination with one another. Furthermore, in this disclosure, the terms “bracket” and “brace” are used interchangeably. The terms refer to a component which is configured to hold other components in place, and which might also be configured to provide features such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, thermal insulation, electrical insulation, or combinations thereof.

Some embodiments comprise one or more circuit boards, circuitry, and/or firmware. In some of these embodiments, the circuit board comprises a printed circuit board (PCB).

Circuitry is defined herein as a detailed plan or arrangement of a circuit or a system of circuits that performs a particular function in a device or an apparatus. The circuit provides a line or path along which power, energy or data travels, such as in driving, sending, accepting, broadcasting, communicating, dissipating, conducting or carrying a signal, power, energy and/or data. In some embodiments, the circuitry is a conditioning circuitry. Some embodiments may comprise one or more driving circuits. Two or more driving circuits may be replicas of one another. Two or more driving circuits may reside on either a single circuit board or two or more circuit boards. In some embodiments, the conditioning circuitry comprises a resistor network. In some embodiments, the conditioning circuitry specifies a threshold for activation. The activation threshold is a protection and/or an operation threshold comprising one of an over voltage protection (OVP), an under voltage protection (UVP), an over current protection (OCP), an over power protection (OPP), an over load protection (OLP), an over temperature protection (OTP), a no-load operation (NLO) a power good signal, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the conditioning circuitry comprises a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) fuse. In some embodiments, one or more of the PTC fuses is resettable. In some embodiments, the conditioning circuitry comprises one or more field-effect transistors (FETs). In some embodiments, one or more FETs comprise a P-channel or P-type metal oxide semiconductor FET (PMOSFET/PFET) and/or an N-channel or N-type metal oxide semiconductor FET (NMOSFET/NFET). Some embodiments comprise one of an FET, an NFET, a PFET, a PTC fuse, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments further comprise one of an FET, an NFET, a PFET, a PTC fuse, or combinations thereof within one or more integrated circuits, one or more circuit boards, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments comprise conditioning circuitry comprising components having current ratings of 4 A-10 A. Some embodiments comprise one or more Q factor sensing circuits having a resistor comprising a power rating of 0.5 W. Some embodiments comprise one or more coil tuning capacitors having a voltage rating of 100 V-400 V. Such a voltage rating mitigates damage of, for example, coil tuning capacitors while operating at power transfers up to 30 W. Some embodiments comprise one or more inductors having power conversion current saturation ratings of 7 A-20 A. Such ratings prevent damage to wireless power system circuitry while operating at power transfers up to 30 W and/or when subjected to large in-rush currents. Some embodiments comprise one or more resistors having an electrical resistance of about 10 k ohms to about 150 k ohms. The one or more resistors may be used to demodulate communication.

Firmware is a specific class of software with embedded software instructions that provides a control function for a specific hardware. For example, firmware can provide a standardized operating environment, allow more hardware-independence, or, even act as a complete operating system, performing all control, monitoring and data manipulation functions. In the present application, firmware provides instruction for sending, accepting, broadcasting, communicating, dissipating, conducting or carrying a signal, power, energy and/or data with other devices or apparatuses so that a function is performed. Some embodiments comprise firmware comprising an instruction, the instruction comprising one of a tuning instruction, a detection instruction, an authentication instruction, a settings instruction, a verification instruction, an interrogation instruction or combinations thereof. The firmware instruction may further comprise one of tuning, adjusting, foreign object detection (FOD), authentication, authentication mediation, verification, interrogation, and/or power requirement detection. Any of these may be executed dynamically, and may further be based on inputs received in real time. In some embodiments, the instruction provides functional instruction to a component, an assembly, a module, a structure, a construct or a configuration. For example, a firmware may adjust coil gain, mediate authentication between a transmitter and a receiver prior to starting wireless power transfer, and/or differentiate between a foreign object and an acceptable object by interrogating the electronics or firmware of each before initiating the function. In some embodiments, a firmware works in concert with electronics to interrogate and/or verify an object is foreign or acceptable before and/or after power transfer. In some embodiments, firmware dynamically adjusts FOD limits by learning from previous receiver data.

Some embodiments comprise controller firmware comprising an instruction to limit an amount of current passing through a transmitter coil. The current limit may further be statically set by a system designer. The current being passed through the transmitter coil can be varied by methods that include but are not limited to: frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, duty cycle modulation, phase modulation, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, controller firmware comprises an instruction to limit an amount of current passing through a transmitter coil based on a static threshold that is programmed into a controller. In some embodiments, controller firmware comprises an instruction to limit an amount of current passing through a transmitter coil, wherein the limit can be dynamically calculated based on a data set of parameters that is either pre-programmed or measured directly on a transmitter device. These parameters may include, but are not limited to: ambient temperature, magnetic field strength, system input current (especially if multiple transmitters are being used), or combinations thereof. Some embodiments comprise a controller firmware comprising an instruction to synchronize two or more wireless power systems. The controller firmware synchronization instruction may further comprise one of an instruction to reduce idle power, an instruction to control a total maximum delivered power, an instruction to control a total maximum delivered power to each of one or more receivers, an instruction to optimize power delivery compliant with a system thermal threshold limits, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments comprise a controller firmware comprising an instruction to optimize power delivery between multiple receivers. The controller firmware optimization instruction may further comprise an instruction that is based on one of a maximum allowable thermal rise, a maximum allowable voltage, a maximum allowable current, or combination thereof, wherein the basis of the thermal threshold limits resides with in either a receiver or a transmitter. Some embodiments comprise a controller firmware comprising an instruction to vary one of one or more duty cycles, phase, one or more voltages, one or more frequencies, or combinations thereof of a driving circuitry. The varying instruction may further comprise one of an instruction to maximize efficiency across one or more wireless power transmitters simultaneously, an instruction to maintain a single operating frequency, an instruction to tune to a maximum efficiency, or combinations thereof. Embodiments comprise a controller firmware comprising an instruction. Embodiments comprise a controller, wherein the controller operates at a variable frequency comprising range of 25 kHz-300 kHz.

Some embodiments comprise a bracket or holder, the bracket or holder further comprising a container, a receptacle, a case, a casing, a cover, a covering, a housing, a sheath, a stand, a rest, a support, a base, a rack, or combinations thereof. The bracket or the holder in some embodiments provide one of heat conductivity, heat dissipation, thermal conductivity, thermal insulation, electrical conductivity, electrical insulation, mechanical stability, mechanical support, structural ruggedness where said mechanical bracket is also configured to provide mechanical stability. The bracket may be mechanical, a board or an assembly of various individual components assembled to fasten, hold support and/or shield a power system, a power-generating system, a power-transmitting system, a power-receiving system, or assemblies, modules and combinations thereof.

Some embodiments comprise one or more components configured to provide thermal conductivity, thermal insulation, electrical conductivity, electrical insulation, electrical grounding, structural integrity, or combinations thereof.

Some embodiments comprise one or more components with magnetic and/or ferrimagnetic properties which are configured to enhance inductive electrical coupling. The components with magnetic and/or ferrimagnetic properties further comprise a portion which is positioned next to, behind, under or below an antenna coil. Some embodiments, alternately comprise one or more components with magnetic/ferrimagnetic properties, wherein at least one component is either partially or completely surrounded by an antenna coil. Some embodiments comprise one or more components with magnetic/ferrimagnetic properties. The one or more components with magnetic/ferrimagnetic properties may further comprise a first portion positioned under an antenna coil and a second portion surrounded by an antenna coil, or vice versa. Each antenna coil may comprise the same coil material, coil wire type, and/or coil construction, a different coil material, coil wire type, and/or coil construction, or combinations thereof. The first and second portions of the one or more components with magnetic/ferrimagnetic properties may further be positioned one atop another. In some embodiments, said second portion is positioned atop said first portion, or vice versa. In some embodiments, one of an apparatus, a device, an assembly, a module, or a power system comprises one or more components with magnetic/ferrimagnetic properties, or comprises a component with one of a first magnetic/ferrimagnetic material and a second magnetic material, wherein the first and second magnetic/ferrimagnetic materials each may be the same or each may be different. In some embodiments, one of an apparatus, a device, an assembly, a module, or a power system comprises a third magnetic/ferrimagnetic component which is positioned partially within or fully within a coil. Said coil may further comprise a single coil, a multi-layer coil, or a multi-tiered coil. In some embodiments, the third magnetic/ferrimagnetic component further comprises a coil, wherein the coil is a wound coil, and wherein the wound coil is either partially or fully wound.

Some embodiments comprise one or more thermal insulator materials. In some embodiments, one or more thermal insulator materials comprise foam.

In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises one or more empty gaps, positioned between heat-generating components and one or more outer surfaces. The one or more empty gaps further comprise air.

In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises an electronic component comprising one or more pass-through holes, wherein said one or more pass-through holes are connectable to one or more of a coil, a wire, a wire connection end or a conductor. The one or more pass-through holes are further connectable by a conductive plating surrounding at least one of the one or more pass-through holes. The one or more pass-through holes are alternately connectable by one of a via, a solder, a tab, a wire, a pin, a screw, a rivet, or combinations thereof.

Some embodiments comprise one or more components with at least one notch. The at least one notch further comprises one or more indentations. Such notches and/or indentations manage the development of eddy currents due to current passing through a coil.

Some embodiments comprise a coil or a conductor, wherein the coil or the conductor comprises one or more connection ends. In some embodiments, the one or more connection ends are bent at an angle ranging from about 70° up to about 110°.

Some embodiments disclosed herein comprise an inverter. The inverter is configured to operate in an apparatus, a device, an assembly, a module, or a power system. In some embodiments, the inverter is a full-bridge inverter configured to operate at a fixed frequency. In some embodiments, the inverter is a half-bridge inverter that is configured to operate at a fixed frequency.

Some embodiments disclosed herein comprise a power receiver or a power-receiving system, wherein the power receiver or the power-receiving system comprises a spacer. Said spacer is further positioned between a receiving coil and a battery. In some embodiments, said spacer is positioned between a magnetic/ferrimagnetic component and a battery. In some embodiments, the power receiver or the power-receiving system is a module. Said module further comprises one or more antennas, one or more battery packs, one or more batteries, or combinations thereof.

Some embodiments comprise a wireless power transfer system, wherein one of a power, an energy or data are transmitted to two or more receivers, wherein the two or more receivers comprise one of a different electrical load, a different profile, or both. The power transfer system may be a multiple device power transfer system. Some embodiments comprise a Tx system, wherein data transfer to one or more receiving devices comprises a data antenna different from a power antenna. Some embodiments comprise a Tx system, wherein one or more transmitters dynamically assign a frequency or a frequency range. Some embodiments comprise a Tx system, the assigned frequency or frequency range of the one or more transmitters minimize noise and/or mitigate and/or manage an effect of a source of the noise.

Some embodiments are multiple device power system embodiments, wherein the multiple device power system comprises two or more wireless power systems contained within a single mechanical housing, the single mechanical housing comprising one or more structural components. Some embodiments comprise a housing, wherein the housing comprises a mechanical alignment feature comprising either a flat or a non-flat surface. Non-flat alignment surfaces are further configured to align a center or centers of one or more Tx coils to a center or centers of one or more Rx coils. The alignment center or centers of the of one or more Tx coils to the one or more Rx coils comprises a maximum offset of 10 mm. Some embodiments comprise a multi-bay power system, the multi-bay power system comprising one or more transmitters, wherein each transmitter is individually capable of power transmission to one or more receivers. Some embodiments further comprise a transmitter housing, the transmitter housing may further be configured to ensure alignment between each of the transmitter and the receiver coils. Some embodiments comprise a wireless power controller configured to measure current passing through a transmitter coil. The wireless power controller further comprises one of a circuit for measuring voltage over a small resistor, a tuning capacitor in series with the transmitter coil, a magnetic current sensing element, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments are configured to vary power by one of a frequency modulation, an amplitude modulation, a duty cycle modulation, phase modulation, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments may further be configured to vary power to individual Rx apparatus or device by one of a frequency modulation, an amplitude modulation, a duty cycle modulation, phase modulation, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments comprise firmware comprising an instruction for varying power by one of a frequency modulation, an amplitude modulation, a duty cycle modulation, phase modulation, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments comprise firmware further comprising an instruction for varying power by one of a frequency modulation, an amplitude modulation, a duty cycle modulation, phase modulation, or combinations thereof. Some embodiments may be configured to manage heat generated by a constituent or a component of a Tx and/or an Rx apparatus or device in addition to varying power by one of a frequency modulation, an amplitude modulation, a duty cycle modulation, phase modulation, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, a transmitter communicates with a receiver and a wireless power connection is negotiated between them. In some embodiments, a current limit may be programmed as a static value; this static value may be a maximum current level that is passed through a transmitter coil without causing an over-temperature fault. In some embodiments, a current limit can be dynamically calculated using data from a table and/or data from sensor measurements. In some embodiments, a transmitter controller is configured to vary current going through a transmitter coil in order to reduce transmitter power losses. In some embodiments, a transmitter controller is configured to negotiate a power connection with a receiver during an initial handshake and can be configured to deny any further power increases if measured transmitter coil current exceeds a set current limit and/or a certain temperature limit. In some embodiments, this negotiation is dynamic. In some embodiments, a transmitter controller is configured to negotiate a power connection with a receiver during an initial handshake and change a power transfer connection to a lower power scheme to reduce transmitter coil current based on a set current limit and/or a temperature limit. In some embodiments, this negotiation is dynamic. In some embodiments, a transmitter or receiver is configured to periodically renegotiate a wireless power connection, and a transmitter controller can deny any further power increases to a receiver based on a set current limit. In some embodiments, a transmitter or receiver is configured to periodically renegotiate a wireless power connection, and a transmitter controller can change a power transfer connection to a lower power scheme to reduce transmitter coil current based on a set current limit. In some embodiments, a controller is configured to encode/decode data using a time slotting technique. In some embodiments, a controller is configured to encode/decode data using frequency modulation, FM. In some embodiments, a controller is configured to encode/decode data using coding modulation (CM), such as but not limited to Hadamard/Walsh code. In some embodiments, a controller is configured to encode/decode data using impedance modulation (IM) by dynamically adjusting impedance of coupled coils. In some embodiments, a controller is configured to implement analog and/or digital filtering. In some embodiments, a Tx controller is configured to select operating frequency based on sensing spectral intensity of available operating frequencies. In some embodiments, a power-receiving (Rx) controller is configured to dither an encoding frequency to reduce spectral peak energy associated with Rx data generation. In some embodiments, a Tx controller is configured to dither an operating frequency to reduce spectral peak energy associated with carrier wave generation. In some embodiments, a Tx controller is configured to dither an operating amplitude to reduce spectral peak energy associated with carrier wave generation.

In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, a wireless power transmission system is disclosed. The wireless power transmission system is configured for communications with one or more wireless power receiver systems operating within a frequency band. The wireless power transmission system includes at least one wireless power transmitter, a wireless power transfer circuit, and a transmitter controller. The at least one wireless power transmitter includes a power transmitting coil, the at least one wireless power transmitter configured to transmit electrical power, within a charge volume, to the one or more wireless power receiver systems. The wireless power transfer circuit is electrically connectable to the at least one wireless power transmitter and includes, at least, driving circuitry. The transmitter controller is configured for controlling the at least one wireless power transmitter and communicating with at least one receiver controller of the one or more wireless power receiver systems. The transmitter controller is configured to perform an initial foreign object detection prior to any transmission of wireless power, the initial foreign object detection for detecting presence of a foreign object within the charge volume of the at least one wireless power transmitter, the initial foreign object detection determining an initial quality factor (Q). The transmitter controller is further configured to begin wireless power transfer negotiations with one of the one or more wireless power receivers, if the initial Q has a value in a range indicating that an object in the charge volume is one of the one or more wireless power receivers. The transmitter controller is further configured to perform a continuous foreign object detection, during one or more of the wireless power transfer negotiations or wireless power transfer, if the initial Q has the value in the range indicating that an object in the charge volume is one of the one or more wireless power receivers.

Other principal features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following drawings, the detailed description, and the appended claims

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded perspective view of a portion of a power-transmitting (Tx) system embodiment. FIG. 1 is absent a power-transmitting coil assembly.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exploded perspective view of a Tx system embodiment showing the constituents of FIG. 1 and a power-transmitting coil assembly.

FIG. 3A shows a perspective view of the Tx system embodiment of FIG. 2 assembled.

FIG. 3B illustrates a magnified view of a portion of the assembled Tx system embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a top view of the assembled Tx system embodiment of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the assembled Tx system embodiment of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 6A is a first side view of the assembled Tx system embodiment of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 6B is a second side view of the assembled Tx system embodiment of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 6C is an end view of the assembled Tx system embodiment of FIG. 3. This end view is opposite the end showing coil end connections.

FIG. 7 is taken from section 7-7 of FIG. 6B, illustrating a cross-section of the assembled Tx system embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a Tx system embodiment with thermal management features.

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a T-shape magnetic material embodiment.

FIG. 9B illustrates an exploded perspective view of the magnetic material embodiment of FIG. 9A in relation to a bracket.

FIG. 9C illustrates a perspective view of the magnetic material and the bracket after assembly

FIG. 9D is a perspective top view of an E-core magnetic material embodiment.

FIG. 9E is a perspective view of an alternative E-core magnetic material embodiment.

FIG. 9F is an exploded perspective view of a Tx coil and the E-core magnetic material embodiment of FIG. 9E.

FIG. 9G is a perspective view of a Tx coil and the E-core magnetic material embodiment of FIG. 9F after assembly. This Tx coil shows an additional coil layer versus the single coil layer of FIG. 9F. The additional coil layer is positioned atop the outer rim of the E-core magnetic.

FIG. 9H illustrates an actual simulation of the magnetic field generated by the Tx coil of FIG. 9F and a standard Rx phone coil.

FIG. 10A is an image of an embodiment illustrating a magnetic material and a power-transmitting coil. The coil shows a right angle bend to the connection ends.

FIG. 10B is a magnified image of the connection end portion of the embodiment of FIG. 10A attached to a circuit board and bracket assembly.

FIG. 10C is the same image as FIG. 10B except that the image has been annotated to accentuate the coil connection ends to the circuit board and bracket assembly.

FIG. 11A is an image of an end view of a power-receiving (Rx) system.

FIG. 11B is an image of a side view of the Rx system of FIG. 11A.

FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of an Rx coil of the Rx system of the present application.

FIG. 13 is a schematic of an electrical circuit for use in a Tx system.

FIG. 14 is an image of a prior art standardized MP-A2 Tx coil.

FIG. 15 is an image of a prior art standardized A11/MP-A11 Tx coil.

FIG. 16 is an exploded perspective view of a Tx system embodiment with thermal management features.

FIG. 17 is taken from 17-17 of FIG. 16, illustrating a cross-section of the Tx system embodiment.

FIG. 18 is an exploded perspective view of constituents of a portion of the assembled Tx system embodiment of FIG. 17 showing thermal management constituents.

FIG. 19 is similar to FIG. 18, except this exploded perspective view includes a Tx coil assembly.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the Tx system of FIG. 19 after assembly.

FIG. 21 is an exploded perspective view of a Tx coil assembly embodiment.

FIG. 22 shows a perspective view of the assembled Tx coil embodiment.

FIG. 23A is a schematic block diagram for a multi-device wireless power transmission system embodiment.

FIG. 23B illustrates the embodiment of the Tx coil assembly of FIG. 22 in an arrangement for use in the multi-device wireless power transmission system embodiment of FIG. 23A.

FIG. 24A is a schematic block diagram for another multi-device wireless power transmission system embodiment.

FIG. 24B illustrates the embodiment of the Tx coil assembly of FIG. 22 in an arrangement for use in the multi-device wireless power transmission system embodiment of FIG. 23A.

FIG. 25A illustrates an embodiment of the multi-device wireless power transmission system(s) of FIGS. 23-24 with a three-dimensional housing embodiment.

FIG. 25B illustrates the embodiment of FIG. 25A, wherein wireless receiver devices are mechanically and/or electrically connected with the wireless power transmission system via structural features of the housing embodiment.

FIG. 25C illustrates another embodiment of the multi-device wireless power transmission system(s) of FIGS. 23-24 with a modular three-dimensional housing embodiment.

FIG. 26 illustrates a removable connection of the modular housing embodiment of FIG. 25C.

FIG. 27 is a flowchart illustrating foreign object detection functions of the wireless power transmission system of FIGS. 23-26.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart illustrating an initial foreign object detection of the flowchart of FIG. 27.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart illustrating a continuous foreign object detection of the flowchart of FIG. 27.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following detailed description of the present application refers to the accompanying figures. The description and drawings do not limit the subject technology; they are meant only to be illustrative of example embodiments. Other embodiments are also contemplated without departing from the spirit and scope of what may be claimed.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of these examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination.

Referring now to the drawings, embodiments of the subject technology are shown and disclosed.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded perspective view of a portion of a power-transmitting (Tx) system 100 embodiment. The constituents shown include an electrically insulating material 101, a magnetic material 102 a, 102 b, a bezel 103, an adhesive 104, a bracket 105, a thermal gasket 106, a circuit board 107, a metal spring washer 108 a, 108 b, and a screw 109 a, 109 b.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exploded perspective view of a Tx system embodiment having the constituents of FIG. 1 and a power-transmitting (Tx) coil 111 component. The Tx coil 111 comprises an electrically conductive wire. A wire is a conductor. As defined herein, the word “wire” is a length of electrically conductive material that may either be of a two dimensional conductive line or track with negligible thickness that may extend along a surface, or alternatively, a wire may be of a three dimensional conductive line or track having a defined thickness or diameter that is contactable to a surface. A wire may comprise a trace, a filar, a filament or combinations thereof. A “trace” is an electrically conductive line or track that may extend along a surface of a substrate. The trace may be of a two dimensional line that may extend along a surface or alternatively, the trace may be of a three dimensional conductive line that is contactable to a surface. A “filar” is an electrically conductive line or track that extends along a surface of a substrate. A filar may be of a two dimensional line that may extend along a surface or alternatively, the filar may be a three dimensional conductive line that is contactable to a surface. A “filament” is an electrically conductive thread or threadlike structure that is contactable to a surface. These elements may be a single element or a multitude of elements such as a multifilar element or a multifilament element. Further, the multitude of wires, traces, filars, and filaments may be woven, twisted or coiled together such as a Litz wire, a ribbon, or a cable. The wire as defined herein may comprise a bare metallic surface or alternatively, may comprise a layer of electrically insulating material, such as a dielectric material that contacts and surrounds the metallic surface of the wire.

The Tx coil 111 of FIG. 2 is a round coil, but other coil configurations, such as a circular solenoidal configuration, a square solenoidal configuration, a circular spiral configuration, a square spiral configuration, a rectangular configuration, a triangular configuration, a circular spiral-solenoidal configuration, a square spiral-solenoidal configuration, and a conformal solenoid configuration, are also contemplated. As used herein, the term “conformal” is defined as being similar or identical in form to the shape, contours, and/or topology of a structure or harmoniously conforming in form to the shape, contours, and/or topology of a structure. The wire of the Tx coil 111 may have a cross-sectional shape, such as but not limited to a circular cross-section, a rectangular cross-section, a square cross-section, a triangular cross-section, an elliptical cross-section or combinations thereof. The wire may comprise copper, gold, silver, aluminum, calcium, tungsten, zinc, nickel, iron, and combinations or alloys thereof, The wire may further comprise titanium, platinum, iridium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, nitinol, gold, palladium, carbon, and combinations or alloys thereof, including various stainless steels, platinum-iridium alloys, and Co—Cr—Ni alloys such as MP35N, Havar™, and Elgiloy™, Additionally, the wire may be a layered wire, a clad wire, a composite layered wire, a composite clad wire, a multi-layered wire or a multi-clad wire in any of the above material combinations.

FIG. 2 further shows that the Tx coil 111 is assemblable to a magnetic material 102 a, 102 b. The magnetic material 102 a, 102 b may comprise a magnetic material. A magnetic comprises ceramic compounds of the transition metals with oxygen, which are ferrimagnetic but electrically nonconductive (in other word, an insulating material). The magnetic further comprises an iron oxide combined with one of nickel, zinc, manganese or combinations thereof. The magnetic material 102 a, 102 b comprises low coercivity. Low coercivity of the magnetic material means that the material's magnetization can easily reverse direction without dissipating much energy (that is, hysteresis losses), while the material's high resistivity prevents formation of eddy currents in the core, which is another source of energy loss. The coercivity, also known as magnetic flux saturation density or B_(sat), of the magnetic material of the present application is greater than 0.5 Tesla. The magnetic material 102 a, 102 b comprises a permeability. Free space has permeability of μ equal to μ0. Materials having permeability much greater than μ0 concentrates the magnetic flux in the low reluctance path, hence can be used to contain the magnetic flux in areas where it is required. More importantly, a material with higher permeability induces a higher inductance on a transmitter, and higher inductance on a receiver in close-coupled situations. Higher inductance results in a greater mutual inductance which enables wireless power transfer at longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes. The magnetic material 102 a, 102 b comprises a permeability 100μ′ to 10,000μ′, depending on an application's operating frequency. It is contemplated that the magnetic material 102 a, 102 b may be a magnetic shielding material. The magnetic shielding material may re-direct a magnetic field so it lessens the field's influence on the item being shielded. The magnetic shielding material may further facilitate the magnetic field to complete its path. More importantly, the magnetic shielding material redirects, reshapes and/or focuses a magnetic field generated by a wireless Tx system so that the magnetic field is more concentrated at a distant position or at a spatial volume location at or within which an Rx system resides, thereby enables the wireless Tx system of the present application to transfer more power wirelessly at longer ranges, extended distances and larger volumes. Such magnetic shielding materials may include, but are not limited to, zinc comprising magnetic materials such as manganese-zinc, nickel-zinc, copper-zinc, magnesium-zinc, and combinations thereof. These and other magnetic material formulations may be incorporated within a polymeric material matrix so as to form a flexible magnetic pad, sheet or component conformal to the Tx coil 111. Examples of such materials may include but are not limited to, FFSR and FFSX series magnetic materials manufactured by Kitagawa Industries America, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., and Flux Field Directional RFIC material, manufactured by 3M™ Corporation of Minneapolis, Minn.

FIG. 2 further shows that, in addition to being assemblable to a magnetic material 102 a, 102 b, the Tx coil 111 is further assemblable to an optional bezel 103. As used herein, an assembled Tx coil is defined as a coil assembly, comprising a Tx coil 111, a magnetic material 102 a, 102 b, and an optional bezel 103. A bezel is defined as a structure that holds the Tx coil 111 in place. The bezel may further provide structural integrity to the Tx coil. A bezel may comprise a frame around the Tx coil. The frame may or may not be conformal. The bezel may comprise a groove and/or a slot. The groove and/or the slot may be configured to accommodate a wire or wires of the Tx coil, the Tx coil itself or both. The bezel may comprise a rim configured to fasten or hold the Tx coil in place. The bezel may comprise sloping facets to accommodate a wire or wires of the Tx coil, the Tx coil itself, or both.

While bezel 103 is shown in FIG. 2 as a component of the Tx system 100, it is contemplated that bezel 103 may be physically integrated into a housing (not shown) of the Tx system 100, or to a housing of an object to which a Tx system is attached (also not shown). In the latter case, an exemplary embodiment is a housing of a charger, wherein the housing comprises a bezel that is either a separate construct that is physically attached to the housing, such as a charger cover, or is pre-formed as a part of the housing, for example by a stamping, a progressive stamping or a deep-drawing process, or is a molded part of a housing such as by plastic injection molding, metal injection molding, fixture poured molding, or other molding processes that shape a pliable material using a rigid frame to which the pliable material conforms. In this way bezel 103 may not only hold in place the Tx coil 111 but may also facilitate Tx coil alignment with a power-receiving (Rx) coil. It is also contemplated that an assembled Tx system may be physically attached to a bezel formed in the housing of a charger, or be affixed to a preformed bezel compartment in the housing using the same methods as described for forming bezel 103.

Another exemplary embodiment is a bezel that is a part of a support structure, such as a table, a bench, a stand, a cabinet, or other similarly configured support structure, wherein the support structure comprises a bezel that is physically attached to, machined as part of, carved into, or inserted into said support structure. The bezel may be positioned on a surface, a wall, an underside, or in an opening made to accommodate the bezel. It is also contemplated that the support structure can comprise an assembled Tx system 100 that is fastened to a bezel that is physically attached to, machined as part of, carved into, or inserted into the support structure.

The bezel 103 of FIG. 2 may comprise a metal, an alloy, a plastic, a polymer, a foamed metal, a foamed plastic, a foamed polymer, a composite, or combinations thereof. Composites, which are made from two or more constituent materials, have different physical and chemical properties, such that when combined, produce a composite material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. Of significance is that the individual components of the composite material may specifically be selected to produce a material with properties that minimize or even resolve application issues. Hence, composites can be customized to specifically address, for example, thermal management, magnetic field management, magnetic field concentration, electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation, noise susceptibility shielding, weight, cost, magnetic field coupling strength (capture) for broader and/or stronger wireless power transmission, or wireless power transmission at extended distances beyond present-day capability. It is contemplated that one or more composites may be provided in the structure, wherein the one or more composites may all embody the same feature, or may all embody a different feature, or may all embody some combination between all the same feature and all different features. Note that Tx coil 111 may be secured to the Tx system 100 by other structures or hardware besides bezel 103 without departing from the scope of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, the Tx coil 111 with magnetic 102 a, 102 b and optional bezel 103 is shown to be attachable to an optional bracket 105. Bracket 105 may comprise a metal, a foamed metal, an alloy, a foamed alloy, a plastic, a foamed plastic, a polymer, foamed polymer, a composite or combinations thereof. The composite may be the same or different than the composite of the bezel 103. Similarly to the composite of optional bezel 103, the composite of the bracket 105 comprises individual components that may specifically be selected to produce a material with properties that minimize or resolve application issues, and can be customized to specifically address similar issues, such as, thermal management, magnetic field management, magnetic field concentration, electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation, noise susceptibility shielding, weight, cost, magnetic field coupling strength (capture) for broader and/or stronger wireless power transmission, or wireless power transmission at extended distances beyond present-day capability. Similarly to the composite of optional bezel 103, one or more composites may be provided in the structure, wherein the one or more composites may all embody the same feature, or may all embody a different feature, or may all embody some combination between all the same feature and all different features. Note that Tx coil 111 may be secured to the Tx system 100 by other structures or hardware besides bracket 105 without departing from the scope of the invention.

Similarly to optional bezel 103, while bracket 105 is shown in FIG. 2 as a component of the Tx system 100, it is contemplated that bracket 105 may be physically integrated into a housing (not shown) of the Tx system 100, or to a housing of an object to which a Tx system is attached (also not shown). In the latter case, an exemplary embodiment is a housing of a charger, wherein the housing comprises a bracket that is either a separate construct that is physically attached to the housing, such as a charger cover, or is pre-formed as a part of the housing, for example by a stamping, a progressive stamping or a deep-drawing process, or is a molded part of a housing such as by plastic injection molding, metal injection molding, fixture poured molding, or other molding processes that shape a pliable material using a rigid frame to which the pliable material conforms. In this way bracket 105 may not only hold in place the assembled Tx coil 111 and bezel 103, but may also facilitate Tx coil 111 alignment with an Rx coil. It is also contemplated that an assembled Tx system may be physically attached to the housing of a charger, or be affixed to a preformed compartment in the housing using the same methods as described for forming bracket 105.

Another exemplary embodiment is a bracket that is a part of a support structure, such as a table, a bench, a stand, a cabinet, or other similarly configured support structure, wherein the support structure comprises a bracket that is physically attached to, machined as part of, carved into, or inserted into said support structure. The bracket may be positioned on a surface, a wall, an underside, or in an opening made to accommodate the bracket. It is also contemplated that the support structure can comprise an assembled Tx system 100 that is fastened to a bracket that is physically attached to, machined as part of, carved into, or inserted into the support structure.

The Tx coil 111 and the magnetic material 102 a, 102 b, with or without the bezel 103 shown in FIG. 2, may be secured to bracket 105 using an adhesive 104. The adhesive 104 may comprise, a structural adhesive, a self-adhesive, a self-stick adhesive, or a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). The adhesive 104 may further comprise a heat spreader to facilitate heat dissipation. A heat spreader may comprise a body, the body comprising a pad, a plate, a block, a sheet, a film, a foil, a fabric, a screen, a weave, a mesh, a foam, a custom fiber or wire form, or a braid of a high thermal conductivity material. A heat spreader may also comprise particulates or particles of high thermal conductivity materials in any shape or form, including a sphere, a flake, an oval, trapezoidal, tabular, irregular, dendritic, platelet, a fiber, a whisker, a tube, tubular, angular, symmetric, asymmetric, a pressed powder, a pressed clump, and combinations thereof. High thermal conductivity materials include silver, copper, gold, brass, aluminum, iron, steel, various carbons including graphite, graphene, diamond, pyrolytic graphite and fullerenes, and combinations or alloys thereof. It is contemplated that a heat spreader may comprise any body, alone or combination with another different body, in combination with one or more particulate or particle options. The Tx coil 111 may alternately be assembled to the bracket 105 using an epoxy, a thermal epoxy, a tape, a glue, a thermal paste or any adherence medium that is applied to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate items so that the adherence medium binds them together and resists their separation. The adherence medium may also further comprise a heat spreader to facilitate heat dissipation. Also, alternatively, the Tx coil 111 may be assembled to the bracket 105 using fasteners, the fasteners comprising screws, staples, nails, Velcro, or combinations thereof. It is contemplated that any adherence medium, alone or combination with another different adherence medium, may be used in combination with one or more fastener options.

A circuit board 107 is also assemblable to the bracket 105. Assembly is shown using a thermal gasket 106. A thermal interface material may be used instead of the thermal gasket 106. A thermal interface material is any material that is inserted between two components in order to enhance the thermal coupling between them. The thermal gasket 106 (or alternately, the thermal interface material) may also may comprise any one of the heat spreaders disclosed above, alone or in combination, to facilitate heat dissipation. The circuit board 107 may optionally be fitted with an additional high thermal conductivity material between the circuit and the bracket so that heat may be extracted from the circuit board and/or circuit board components for dissipation by the bracket 105. Any one of the high thermal conductivity materials previously named may be used alone or in combination thereof for this purpose. Additionally, the added high thermal conductivity material between the circuit board and the bracket may optionally be used with or without the thermal gasket 106. A thermal gasket is herein defined as a component which is specifically designed to function in areas of a structure that generate heat. The thermal gasket 106 may be fabricated in a number of ways. For example, the thermal gasket may be cut using a die. Alternatively, the thermal gasket may be cut without using a die, in other words, a dieless cut. Cuts can comprise a standard form, or can be custom-made to form the thermal gasket 106 from one of a cured thermal adhesive, paste, resin or elastomer, a thermal composite, a thermal interface material, a gap pad, a filter pad, and combinations thereof. Furthermore, the thermal gasket 106 made be cut from any shapeable material capable of attaching, separating and/or sealing two surfaces in an apparatus or device. In addition to cutting, the thermal gasket can be made by stamping or punching. The thermal gasket can also be made by molding a flowable material that is then cured. The thermal gasket 106 may comprise polyurethane, silicone, foam, sponge, rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or combinations thereof. Additionally, any of the above named materials may be used in combination with any of the previously high thermal conductivity materials named. Additional commercially available non-limiting examples of potential thermal gasket materials include PORON® polyurethane gaskets, BISCO® silicone gaskets, 3M™ thermal gaskets, Porex® PTFE gaskets, Nomex® insulator gaskets, or Formex® Insulator gaskets, any of which might further be customized to enhance thermal conductivity by way of a heat spreader, a reflective foil, and interface material, a lining or the like. The circuit board 107 may alternately be assembled to the bracket 105 using an epoxy, a thermal epoxy, a tape, a glue, a thermal paste or any adherence medium that is applied to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate items so that the adherence medium binds them together and resists their separation. The adherence medium may also further comprise a heat spreader to facilitate heat dissipation. Also, alternatively, the circuit board 107 may be assembled to the bracket 105 using fasteners, the fasteners comprising screws, staples, nails, Velcro, or combinations thereof. It is contemplated that any adherence medium, alone or combination with another different adherence medium, may be used in combination with one or more fastener options, or any one or more thermal gaskets 106.

Also shown in FIG. 2 is an electrically insulating material 101 assembled atop the Tx coil 111. The insulating material 101 may comprise one of a polyimide, an acrylic, glass, fiberglass, rubber, polyester, polyether imide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethylene napthalate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), fluoropolymers, copolymers, a ceramic material, a magnetic material, a laminate, a resin, papers and films, a foam material, a silicone, a sponge, a rubber, a soft ceramic-filled silicone elastomer with or without a liner, a silicone coated fabric or mesh, or combinations thereof. A foam material may further comprise, a high temperature silicone foam, an open-cell foam such as, but not limited to, a polyurethane, a reticulated polyurethane foam, a closed cell foam such as, but not limited to, polyethylene, a cross-linked polyethylene foams, or combinations thereof. The electrically insulating material 101 may further be either thermally insulating, for example, if contactable by a user, or thermally conducting depending on an application's requirements. The electrically insulating material 101 may also be reflective, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a foil capable of reflecting radiant heat. The insulating material 101 may encapsulate an assembled Tx coil, the assembled Tx coil comprising a magnetic 102 a, 102 b, wherein the magnetic may be a magnetic shielding material. Encapsulation of the assembled power Tx coil thereby provides protection against damage potentially imparted said coil assembly by, for example, shock, vibration, impacts and drops.

FIG. 3A shows a perspective view of the assembled Tx system 100 of FIG. 2, showing a top end and a bottom end of screws 109 a and 109 b after fastening.

FIG. 3B shows a magnified cross-sectional view of a portion of the Tx system 100 of FIG. 3A. Visible is a portion of the bezel 103, a portion of the bracket 105, a portion of the thermal gasket 106, a portion of the circuit board 107, a metal spring washer 108 a and a screw 109 a. The screw 109 a is shown passing through a hole extending through the circuit board 107 and the bracket 105 and engages the threading in the hole of the bezel 103. Prior to fastening, the hole of the circuit board 107, the bracket 105 and the bezel 103 are aligned. The screw is inserted into the aligned vias or holes and secured to a washer 108 a, thereby fastening the circuit board 107, the bracket 105 and the bezel 103 one to another as shown. The metal spring washer 108 a, when flattened, provides a preload force preventing the screw 109 a from backing out of the bezel 103. A spring force also allows the metal spring washer 108 a to electrically connect the screw 109 a, the circuit board 107 and the bracket 105, ensuring a continuous ground path between the bracket 105 and the circuit board 107. In this embodiment, the thermal gasket 106 comprises a thermally conductive and an electrically insulating material. The thermal gasket 106 thermally connects the circuit 107 to the bracket 105, providing a continuous thermal path for the heat generated by the circuit board 107 and/or its components to be conducted for dissipation by the bracket 105. This is important for proper thermal management of the Tx system 100 during operation. Additionally, the fastened assembly comprises a single connection, wherein the single connection is, simultaneously, structurally, electrically and thermally connecting the circuit board 107 and the bracket 105. Thermally connected is herein defined as a path or line through which heat flows. Thermally connected structures may comprise a path or line having two or more points or bodies through which heat is conducted. Additionally, a thermally connected structure may comprise a construction, the construction comprising two or more point-to-point or body-to-body connections.

FIG. 4 is a top view of the assembled Tx system 100 of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 5 is a bottom view of the Tx system 100 of FIG. 3A showing the circuit board 107. The circuit board of the present application is a constituent of the Tx system 100 comprising a structure that allows assembly of one of an electrical circuit, a data circuit, or both in either a printed circuit board configuration, a multi-layer printed wiring board, or a point-to-point construction board. Furthermore, the electrical and the data circuits of the circuit board may be capable of transmitting a combination of electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, electrical power and electronic data together or separately. The circuit board of the present application may also comprise component non-limiting elements such as inductors, capacitors, resistors, switches, heat sinks, thermal relief structures, thermal relief pads, band pass, high pass and low pass filters and the like. The circuit board may also comprise an LC tank. The LC tank is defined as an inductor and a capacitor, or mechanical equivalents such as a crystal or MEMS oscillator, to make a circuit that is responsive to frequency. The LC tank may comprise an LC circuit. The LC circuit may comprise either a high impedance or a low impedance at a resonant frequency. The LC tank or the LC circuit may operate as a bandpass filter, a band stop filter, or an oscillator. Additionally, circuit board components may comprise the multi-layer wire or the multi-layer multi-turn technology of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,567,048, 8,610,530, 8,653,927, 8,680,960, 8,692,641, 8,692,642, 8,698,590, 8,698,591, 8,707,546, 8,710,948, 8,803,649, 8,823,481, 8,823,482, 8,855,786, 8,860,545, 8,898,885, 9,208,942, 9,232,893, 9,300,046, 9,306,358, 9,439,287, and 9,444,213, incorporated fully herein by reference. The circuit board of the present application may be a coil circuit board or a main Tx system circuit board, either each constructed separately or constructed within a single, unitary circuit board configuration. More than one circuit board of any type and/or combination may be physically and/or electrically connected by a connector, the connector comprising one of a via, a solder, a tab, a wire, a pin, a screw or a rivet.

FIG. 6A shows a first side view of the assembled Tx system 100 of FIG. 3A. Coil connection ends 112 are shown on the left of the first side of FIG. 6A

FIG. 6B shows a second side view of the assembled Tx system 100 of FIG. 3A. Coil connection ends 112 are shown on the left of the first side of FIG. 6A

FIG. 6C shows an end view of the assembled Tx system 100 of FIG. 3A. The coil connection ends 112 are present on the opposite end of the assembled Tx system end view being shown.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken from section 7-7 of the assembled Tx system of FIG. 6B (coil end connections 112 are not present in this cross-section). The wire of Tx coil 111 shows a circular shape, however, as previously mentioned the wire of the Tx coil can be of various other cross-sectional shapes.

FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a Tx system 200 with thermal management features. Shown are: a front housing 201, an air gap 202, a foam 203, a Tx coil 204, a magnetic material 205, a two-piece bracket 206 comprising a bracket top component 206 a and a bracket bottom component 206 b, a circuit board 207, and a back housing 208. In this embodiment, the foam 203 is an electrically insulating material. It is contemplated that any of the electrically insulating materials 101 previously named may alternately be used instead of the foam 203. The foam 203 or an alternate electrically insulating material may also be thermal insulating or a thermal conducting depending on the application. If the front housing 201 is contactable by a user, then a thermal insulating foam may be selected, so that when contact is made by the user, the user is not subjected to any discomfort that may occur as a result of a front surface elevated temperature when the Tx system 200 is in operation. If the front housing 201 is not contactable by a user, but instead exposed to an environment 200, then a thermal conducting foam may be selected, so that any heat generated when the Tx system 200 is in operation can be dissipated to the environment 200.

Also shown in FIG. 8 is an optional mounting plate 209. The optional mounting plate 209 may provide support for the Tx system 200, may mount the Tx system 200 to an object, such as, but not limited to, a holder, or may dissipate heat generated by the Tx system 200 and/or its components to a surrounding environment 210.

The arrows depicted in the magnetic 205, the circuit board 207, and the back housing 208 of FIG. 8 are exemplary indicating directional heat flow. More specifically, the exemplary arrows of magnetic 205 indicate how heat may be dissipated from the Tx coil 204 to the bracket top component 205 a. Similarly, the exemplary arrows depicted in circuit board 207 indicate how heat may be dissipated from the circuit board 207 and/or its components to the bracket top component 205 a. Likewise, the exemplary arrows depicted in the back housing 208 indicate how heat may be dissipated from the bracket bottom component 206 b to the optional mounting plate 209, and then from the optional mount plate 209 to the surrounding environment 210. It is understood that, in the absence of the optional mounting plate, the exemplary arrows depicted in the back housing 208 would indicate that the heat may be dissipated from the bracket bottom component 206 b to the surrounding environment 210. Materials for use in dissipating heat should have high thermal conductivity. Non-limiting examples include: silver, copper, gold, brass, aluminum, iron, steel, various carbons including graphite, graphene, diamond, pyrolytic graphite and fullerenes, and combinations or alloys thereof. As previously disclosed, composites may also be used. Non-limiting examples include metal matrix composites (MMCs) comprising copper-tungsten, AlSiC (silicon carbide in aluminium matrix), Dymalloy (diamond in copper-silver alloy matrix), and E-Material (beryllium oxide in beryllium matrix).

FIG. 9A shows a perspective view of an embodiment of a T-shape magnetic material comprising two components, a magnetic core 102 a and a magnetic backing 102 b. The magnetic core 102 a and the magnetic base 102 b may be formed by using an adhesive or an epoxy, Alternately, the magnetic core 102 a and a magnetic backing 102 b may be formed by pressing a powder into a mold to obtain the desired shape, followed by a sintering process. Yet another way to form the magnetic core 102 a and a magnetic backing 102 b is to assemble, then press and/or sinter multiple layers of sheet magnetic. The T-shape magnetic material alternately may comprise a single material construction, wherein a portion of the T-shape magnetic material comprises the magnetic core as a projection extending from the magnetic base. In the single material construction the magnetic core projection may be formed extending from the magnetic base from a single starting magnetic material piece. The same alternate processes disclosed above may be used to form the single material construction T-shape magnetic material. In the T-shape embodiment shown, the magnetic core 102 a is concentrically positioned atop a magnetic backing 102 b. It is understood, however, that a magnetic core may be positioned off-center atop the magnetic backing. It is further contemplated that more than one magnetic core may be positioned atop a single magnetic backing. It is also contemplated that either the magnetic core 102 a, the magnetic base 102 b, or both may comprise one or more magnetic materials. The one or more magnetic materials may be the same for both or each may have different magnetic materials. The one or more magnetic materials may further be planarly layered in either the magnetic core 102 a, the magnetic base 103 b, or both; arranged along the a longitudinal or z-axis with layers extending outwardly in a radial direction if circular or oval or other such round surface defined by radii, or in an x or y axis direction if shaped other than a circular or round or radially defined.

FIG. 9B illustrates an exploded perspective view of the magnetic material embodiment of FIG. 9A in relation to a bracket 105. The bracket 105 may comprise one of an electrical shielding material, a heat conduction material, a heat dissipation material, an electrical grounding structure, or combinations thereof.

Regarding electrical grounding, it is important for any circuit board 107 in the Tx system 111 to be electrically grounded. The electrical grounding structure as part of the bracket 105 is a convenient grounding option. For example, referring once again to FIG. 3B, the metal spring washer 108 a is shown with the screw 109 a. The threads of the screw 109 a pass through a hole extending through the center of said washer. In this embodiment, screw 109 a is a capture screw. This cross-sectional view shows, to the right and to the left of the imaginary center line of the screw 109 a, that the screw threads have captured the edge of the hole of said washer. Capture of the edge of the hole of said washer resulted in a portion of said washer to be angularly bent from its as-manufactured planar configuration. Also visible in this cross-sectional view is the outer edge of the metal spring washer 108 a. The outer edge of the metal spring washer 108 a, which includes the entire outer edge perimeter, is shown sandwiched between the circuit board 107 and the bracket 105. This cross-sectional view illustrates the metal spring washer edge as a flat end that extends to the circuit board 107 and the bracket 105, wherein the extension is initially flat, and then exhibits the angular bend that eventually positions the hole edge at a thread of screw 109 a. To the right of screw 109 a, the thermal gasket 106 is also shown sandwiched between the circuit board 107 and the bracket 105. When the capture screw with its washer intentionally electrically connects a ground plate of the circuit board 107 to the bracket 105, then the circuit board is grounded to said bracket. Grounding the bracket to the circuit is essential in mitigating electrostatic discharge (EDS) and potentially dangerous arcing events. Similarly, sandwiching of the thermal gasket 106 between the circuit board 107 and the bracket 105 thermally connects said circuit board to said bracket, thereby enabling heat that may be generated in the circuit board and/or circuit board components to be conducted away from said circuit board to bracket for eventual dissipation. The embodiments disclosed above are only one way to electrically ground and/or thermally connect the circuit board 107 to the bracket 105. There are other configurations to electrically ground and/or thermally connect the circuit board 107 to the bracket 105 without departing from the scope of the invention.

Also visible in the bracket 105 of FIG. 9B are notches 105 a, 105 b, and 105 c. The notches shown are only one possible embodiment. Pending the application, the bracket notches can be positioned in any shape and any manner within the bracket or around the perimeter of the bracket. In some embodiments, the notches may be positioned to manage the development of eddy currents due to current passing through an antenna coil. Eddy currents that develop in a metal shield reduces the inductance of the Tx coil thereby introducing losses which subsequently decreases the Quality factor of the Tx coil. A notch or notches helps in that the presence of a notch causes the path of an eddy current to be modified. The eddy current flows opposite the direction of the current flow of the Tx coil and also flows in close proximity to the notch so as to maintain the eddy current loop. Hence, the magnetic fields created by the eddy current at the notch area will cancel each other. The presence of notches in conjunction with a shielding material mitigates much of the effect the eddy current might have on the Tx coil. Additionally, the continuity of the shield is essentially left intact. So, even though the notch exists, there is enough continuity retained by the shield for sufficient EMI shielding to be sustained. It is known that the magnetic fields of a Tx coil typically couple to the EMI metal shield even-though the magnetic shield is present to prevent coupling. For coupling not to occur, the dimensions of the magnetic shield would have to be infinite. Consequently, the notches in the shield result in a smaller overall area directed toward EMI shielding, which means less magnetic fields will couple, and less eddy current will flow, which, as previously disclosed, normally flows opposite to the direction of the current flow of the coil. There are other notch configurations of said bracket other than the one shown in this embodiment to manage the operation of the Tx system 100 without departing from the scope of the invention.

FIG. 9C illustrates a perspective view of the magnetic material 102 and the bracket 105 after assembly.

FIG. 9D is a perspective top view of an E-core magnetic material embodiment. This embodiment comprises a magnetic core 400 a, a magnetic backing 400 b, and a magnetic ring 400 c. The magnetic ring 400 c is spaced inwardly from the outer edge of the magnetic backing 400 b and projects in an upward direction from the top surface said magnetic backing. The magnetic core 400 a and the magnetic ring 400 c function to direct and focus magnetic fields, hence improving coupling with a receiver coil. Also, magnetic ring 400 c provides a low-resistance path through which magnetic fields are directed, limiting an amount of magnetic flux that would otherwise pass through nearby metal components. This type of embodiment minimizes formation of eddy currents which could otherwise counteract a transmitter's magnetic field and limit magnetic field strength.

FIG. 9E is a perspective view of an alternative E-core magnetic material embodiment. In this embodiment, instead of magnetic ring 400 c spaced inwardly from the outer edge of the magnetic backing 400 b, shown is a ring-like wall 400 c′ at the perimeter of the outer edge of the magnetic base 400 b.

FIG. 9F is an exploded perspective view of a Tx coil 401 and the embodiment of the E-core magnetic material 400 c′ of FIG. 9E. Illustrated is a Tx coil 401, which (due to its shape) creates a magnetic field when an electric current passes through it. Here, said coil 401 is positioned above a magnetic combination which comprises magnetic core 400 a, magnetic backing 400 b, and magnetic ring 400 c. The magnetic combination functions to help direct and concentrate magnetic fields created by coil 401, and can also limit side effects that would otherwise be caused by magnetic flux passing through nearby metal objects.

FIG. 9G is a perspective view of an Rx coil 501 and the embodiment of the E-core magnetic 400 c′ of FIG. 9F after assembly. The Rx coil 501 comprises coil sections 501 a and 501 b, which are connected to one another forming a multi-coil assembly. Note that the coil section 501 b is positioned about the magnetic core 400 a and on the magnetic backing 400 b (not visible). The coil section 501 a is at least partially positioned on top surface of the ring-like wall 400 c′, and, since positioned on the top surface of the ring-like wall 400 c′, resides at a higher level than does the coil section 501 a. In the embodiment, the magnetic structure affects magnetic flux conduction and concentration. Thus, a magnetic field generated by coil section 501 a will be directed centrally, and will allow higher coupling with small receivers at extended z-distances. Also, a magnetic field generated by coil section 501 will be affected by the magnetic structure that increases coupling and charging distance. Additionally, the magnetic structure enables larger power-transfer spatial ranges, such as required by larger volume applications. The larger power-transfer spatial range permits more effective functioning with receivers which are, for instance, offset in an x-y plane as well as in a z-direction.

FIG. 9H illustrates an actual simulation of the magnetic field generated by the Tx coil 401 of FIG. 9F and captured by a standard Rx phone coil at an extended distance. The standard Rx phone coil was modelled with a metal piece behind the coil. The metal piece was used to simulate a battery. The simulation shows that the magnetic field generated by the Tx coil 401 was captured by the Rx phone coil at an extended z-distance of 9 mm. As discussed previously, Qi™ wireless Tx systems typically operate between coil-to-coil distances of 3 mm-5 mm. The shaped-magnetics of the present application have shown to favorably reshape a magnetic field so that coil-to-coil coupling can occur at extended z-distances, wherein the z-distances are extended about 2 times to about 5 times the distance of present day Qi™ wireless Tx systems. Furthermore, the shaped-magnetics of the present application can extend coupling of present day a Qi™ wireless Tx system a z-distance ranging about 5 mm to about 25 mm. The magnetic may comprise one of a T-core shape, an E-core shape, a custom shape, or combinations thereof. Any of the T-core, E-core and custom shapes previously discussed may successfully be used to reshape the magnetic field for extended z-distance coupling by a minimum of a 5% compared to standard present-day transmitters. In addition, any of the T-core, E-core and custom shapes previously discussed, each in conjunction with its relation to a coil to the magnetic has also may further increase z-direction coupling by at least another 5%. An embodiment comprising a structure, the structure comprising a coil and a magnetic material, wherein a gap between the coil and the magnetic material residing at the inner diameter of the coil comprises 2 mm, reshapes the magnetic field so that coupling increases by 5%. Another embodiment comprising a structure, the structure comprising a coil and a magnetic material, wherein a gap between the outer perimeter edge of the coil and the magnetic material residing beneath the coil comprises 2 mm, reshapes the magnetic field so that coupling also increases by 5%. The magnetic material may comprise a magnetic body. The magnetic body may further comprise a single, unitary constituent, the single unitary constituent further comprising one or more structural components.

FIG. 10A is an image of an embodiment illustrating an actual magnetic material 102 a, 102 and a Tx coil 111. The Tx coil 111 comprises one or more connection ends 112, the one or more connection are bent at a 90° angel. The connection ends 112 are pre-bent at 90° prior to assembly to the magnetic material 102 a, 102 b. While FIG. 10A shows the connection ends 112 of the Tx coil 111 to be bent 90°, it is contemplated that said connection ends may be pre-bent at any angle that facilitates assembly. For example, said connection ends may alternatively be pre-bent at a 70° angle up to a 110° angle. The connection ends 112 may attached to the circuit board (not shown) by either a manual or a reflow solder process. The connection ends 112 may optionally be tinned to facilitate solderability. Bending the connection ends 112 allows placement of the bent ends into the circuit board 107 via or hole, which eliminates any need for coil wire routing, or the need for service loop options in order to achieve circuit board connection. Circuit board via or hole connection adds strength to the connection, making the connection more resilient to shock, vibration, impacts and drops, thereby enhancing durability of the Tx system 100. Additionally, circuit board via or hole connection results in a smaller assembly footprint.

FIG. 10B is a magnified image of the connection end portion of the embodiment of FIG. 10A attached to an actual circuit board 107 and bracket 105 assembly.

FIG. 10C is the same image as FIG. 10B except that the image has been annotated to accentuate the coil connection ends 112 to the circuit board 107 and bracket 105 assembly. The image shows the connection ends 112 soldered to plated holes 107 a, 107 b of the circuit board 107.

FIG. 11A is an image of an end view of a power-receiving (Rx) system 1100. Shown is power-receiving (Rx) electronics 1101 and a power-receiving (Rx) coil 1111.

FIG. 11B is an image of a side view of the Rx system 1100 of FIG. 11A. In this view, the Rx electronics 1101 is on the right of the image, and the Rx coil 1111 is more clearly visible at the top of the Rx system. This embodiment of the Rx system comprises a battery pack 1121. The battery pack comprises two batteries 1121 a and 1121 b. At the bottom of the Rx system 1100 is a cover 1130.

FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of an Rx coil 1200 of the present application. This embodiment is exemplary of the Rx coil 1111 of the Rx system 1100 of FIG. 11B. The components of the Rx coil 1200 shown are: an adhesive 1210, a flexible printed circuit (FPC) Rx coil 1211, a magnetic material 1212, and a spacer 1213. The Rx coil 1200 follows a layered arrangement, wherein the layers are arranged, beginning with a top layer and ending with a bottom layer, in the following order: the top layer is an adhesive 1210, which is a first adhesive layer, followed by the FPC Rx coil 1211, which is followed by the magnetic material 1212. Following the magnetic material 1212 is the adhesive 1210, which is a second adhesive layer. The second adhesive layer is followed by the spacer 1213. The bottom layer is the adhesive 1210, which is a third adhesive layer. Thus the Rx coil 1200 of FIG. 12 comprises a total of six layers. Note that the FPC Rx coil 1211 is sandwiched between the adhesive 1210 and the magnetic material 1212, the adhesive 1210 comprising the first adhesive layer positioned atop the FPC Rx coil and the magnetic material 1212 positioned beneath the FPC Rx coil. Further, the FPC Rx coil 1211 with the magnetic material 1212 is sandwiched between the adhesive 1210, the sandwiching adhesive comprising a first adhesive layer and a second adhesive layer. This particular arrangement allows the coil to be mechanically affixed to a front housing, minimizing distance between transmitter coil and receiver coil. Having the magnetic material 1212 directly behind the Rx coil 1111 also reduces the distance between Tx magnetic material and Rx magnetic material, thereby boosting power transfer system performance and transmitter-receiver coupling. Also note that the spacer 1213 is sandwiched between the adhesive 1210. In this case the spacer 1213 is sandwiched by the second adhesive and third adhesive layers. In this embodiment, the spacer 1213 is used to separate the Rx coil 1211 with the magnetic material 1212 and a battery or a battery pack (not shown). An advantage of this arrangement is two-fold: (1) such an arrangement allows for a thinner construction when available space is limited; and, (2) this arrangement reduces equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the Rx coil 1211. Reduced ESR improves the quality factor of said coil. The quality factor affects wireless power transmission efficiency, and influences wireless transmission distances, i.e., the transmission range. Additionally, such an arrangement makes restricted physical orientations of a power-receiving apparatus or device (which are required by present-day wireless transmission systems in order to achieve optimal, complete and uncorrupted wireless power transmission) unnecessary. Other embodiments may alternately comprise one or more spacers, wherein each spacer comprises the same thickness, shape, and/or size. Yet other embodiments may alternately comprise one or more spacers, wherein at least one of the one or more spacers comprises a thickness, a shape and/or a size that differs. In some embodiments, the magnetic material 1212 alternately comprises one of a magnetic material, a ferromagnetic material, a magnetic shielding material, a metal shielding material, a metal shielding material with patterned cuts, an EMI shielding material, an amorphous material, a nanocrystalline material, a composite material, a material having coercivity greater than 0.5 Tesla, a material having permeability ranging between 100μ′ to 10,000μ′, or combinations thereof. An embodiment without the magnetic material 1212 is contemplated. Additionally, the flexible printed circuit (FPC) Rx coil 1211 may alternately comprise any coil wire previously disclosed. The adhesive 1210 may comprise any adherence medium previously disclose. The adhesive 1210 and any alternate adherence medium may further comprise a heat spreader, the heat spreader comprising any of the previously list heat spreader materials disclosed. The Rx coil 1200 may further comprise one or more filters. The one or more filters may be a special type of filter, such as, but not limited to, a comb filter.

FIG. 13 is a schematic showing the constituents of an optional electrical circuit 1300 of a Tx system 100, 200. Here, a full bridge inverter 1301 is used to convert DC power to AC in order to drive a Tx coil. Voltage of the full bridge inverter 1301 can be varied to change a level of transmitted power. In an embodiment, an operating frequency may be kept fixed. It is contemplated that a half-bridge inverter may be alternately used in some embodiments.

FIG. 14 is an image of a prior art standardized MP-A2 Tx coil 10, which is often used for Qi™-compatible wireless power applications. Shown is the Tx coil wire structure 11 and a shielding 12 positioned beneath the Tx coil wire structure 11.

FIG. 15 is an image of a prior art standardized A11/MP-A11 Tx coil 20, which is also often used for Qi™-compatible wireless power applications. Shown here is a Tx coil wire structure 21 and a shielding 22 positioned beneath the Tx coil wire structure 21. In this embodiment the shielding 22 is a T-shape comprising a shielding core 22 a and a shielding base 22 b.

FIG. 16 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a Tx system 1600 with thermal management features. The constituents shown include a foam 1601, a Tx coil 1602, a magnetic 1606, an adhesive 1603, a heat dissipater 1604, a shield 1608 and a circuit board 1605. In this exemplary embodiment, the heat dissipater 1604 comprises two portions 1604 a, 1604 b, each portion comprising heat dissipating fins 1604 c. It is contemplated that the heat dissipater 1604 may take any form assemblable to a Tx system. The heat dissipater 1604 may comprise multiple components, each constructed separately and then assembled; or, alternatively, the heat dissipater 1604 may comprise a single construction, the single construction manufactured from a single material body. The fins 1604 c of the heat dissipater 1604 increase a surface area on said dissipater, which facilitates heat dissipation to a constituent of the Tx system 1600 and/or to a surrounding environment (not shown). In this exemplary embodiment, heat may be dissipated from the circuit board 1605 and/or its components to either a constituent of the Tx system 1600 and/or to a surrounding environment (not shown). The heat dissipater 1604 is assemblable to the shield 1608. Alternatively, the heat dissipater 1604 and the shield 1608 may comprise a single construction, the single construction manufactured from a single material body.

FIG. 17 is taken from 17-17 of FIG. 16, illustrating a cross-section of the assembled Tx system 1600 embodiment. In this cross-section, an exemplary optional thermal interface material 1607 is shown in addition to all of the elements of FIG. 16. Also, the heat dissipater 1604 and the shield 1608 of FIG. 16 are shown in this cross section as a single construction heat dissipater 1604′. Regarding the optional thermal interface material 1607, it is contemplated that one or more of the thermal interface materials previously disclosed may alternatively be used. Further, the optional thermal interface material 1607 may comprise any of the shapes or configurations previously disclosed. In this exemplary embodiment, each optional thermal interface material 1607 shown is sandwiched, in other words, positioned between, a component of the circuit board 1605 and the magnetic 1606, so that the thermal interface material 1607 may conduct heat from a heat-generating component of the circuit board 1605 to the heat dissipater 1604′, wherein the heat dissipater 1604′ conducts the heat generated by the component for dissipation to another constituent of the Tx system 1600 and/or to a surrounding environment (not shown).

FIG. 18 is an exploded perspective view of constituents of a portion of the exemplary embodiment of the assembled Tx system 1600 of FIG. 16. In this embodiment, the optional thermal interface material 1607 is shown in four places. There are three thermal interface materials 1607 a, 1607 b, 1607 c each atop a component of the circuit board 1605. A fourth optional thermal interface material 1607 d is shown underneath circuit board 1607. Thermal interface materials 1607 a, 1607 b, 1607 c conduct heat from a heat-generating component of the circuit board 1605 to the shield 1608. Thermal interface material 1607 d conducts heat from the circuit board 1605 to either a constituent (not shown) of the Tx system 1600 and/or to a surrounding environment (also not shown).

It will be understood to those skilled in the art that there are a number of other ways to position optional thermal interface material 1607 in the Tx system 1600 in addition to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 16, 17 and 18.

FIG. 19 is similar to FIG. 18, except that this exploded perspective view includes a Tx coil assembly. The Tx coil assembly shown comprises a Tx coil 1602 and a magnetic 1606, wherein the magnetic is an E-core magnetic. The Tx coil 1602 is a multi-layer coil comprising at least two coils. It is contemplated that the number of coil layers can be as many as required by the application and/or that fits within the space allowed by the device or apparatus. It is also contemplated that the magnetic 1606 can alternatively be a T-core magnetic or any magnetic shape assemblable to the heat dissipater 1604. The magnetic 1606, may also be a magnetic shielding material. The magnetic may alternately be a metallic shield. The metallic shield provides both EMI and magnetic shielding. The magnetic shield also provides conduction of heat that may be generated by the coil during operation. As such, the metal shield acts like a heat sink, absorbing the heat from the coil, and then dispersing the heat away from the coil to avoid and/or mitigate system over-heating. Similarly, the metal shield additionally provides conduction of heat that may be generated by the circuit board and/or the circuit board components during operation absorbing the heat from the circuit board and/or the circuit board components, and then dispersing the heat away from said circuit board and/or said components.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the Tx system 1650 of FIG. 19 after assembly. The Tx system 1650 is capable of wireless power transmission at extended distances while effectively dissipating heat generated by the system during operation.

FIG. 21 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a Tx coil assembly 2100 comprising a Tx coil 2101, a magnetic 2102, and a bezel 2103. The bezel 2103 may alternately be a brace or a holder. In this view, the Tx coil 2101 is assembled to the magnetic 2102. The Tx coil also has coil ends 2104 that extend a distance from the edge of the magnetic 2102. It is contemplated that the Tx coil 2101 may comprise any shape and/or any wire previously disclosed. The magnetic 2102 may also comprise a T-core, an E-core, or any shape previously disclosed. The magnetic 2102 may further comprise any of the alternate materials previously disclosed. The bezel 2103 is an open holder, meaning there is no floor or base to the surrounding wall of said holder. The bezel 2103 is also configured to accept the configuration of the outermost shape of the coil/magnetic assembly, which, in this embodiment, is the magnetic 2102. The bezel 2103 may comprise one of an insulating material, a magnetic shielding material, an EMI shielding material, a magnetic, a plastic, a polymer, a composite, a glass, a ceramic, a metal or combinations thereof. While the bezel 2103 in FIG. 21 is shown configured to accept the magnetic configuration of the Tx coil, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the bezel 2103 may alternately comprise either a flat configuration, a base, or a shape not conformal to the Tx coil assembly.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the constituents of FIG. 21 after assembly. The Tx coil assembly 2100 shown comprises a coil comprising extended leads. The extended leads of the coil facilitate accuracy in positioning the Tx coil assembly within a Tx system. A Tx system comprising Tx coil assembly positional accuracy favorably influences electrical performance while maintaining a good mechanical stability. The bezel 2103 further ruggedizes the Tx coil assembly 2100. The bezel 2103 may also provide thermal management of any heat generated by the coil 2101 during operation. The bezel 2103 may comprise any of the materials, components, features, configurations previously disclosed.

The Tx coil assembly 2100 may comprise a single coil, a multi-layer coil, a multi-tiered coil, or combinations thereof. Any combination of coil configurations of the Tx coil assembly 2100 previously disclosed may reside on one or more planes. A multi-layer coil or a multi-tiered coil may further comprise a first coil part positioned within a first plane and a second coil part positioned within a second plane. In some embodiments, a multi-layer or multi-tiered coil is an antenna configured to transfer power, energy and/or data wirelessly. The connections ends of any Tx coil assembly 2100 configuration itself, or of the Tx coil assembly 2100, may comprise one or more extended connection ends, wherein a portion of at least one of the extended connection ends comprises an insulating material. The insulating material may further be configured to surround only the at least one extended connection end. In this case, the insulating material does not surround any portion of the coil structure. At least one of the one or more conductors of the single coil, multi-layer coil, multi-tiered coil or combinations thereof may comprise a wire, the wire being one of the configurations as previously defined herein, and the wire being positionable on, at, near or adjacent a magnetic material. One or more single coil, multi-layer coil, multi-tiered coil or combinations thereof may comprise a first coil portion positioned on, at, near or adjacent a first magnetic material, and a second coil portion positioned on, at, near or adjacent a second magnetic material. One or more single coil, multi-layer coil, multi-tiered coil or combinations thereof may comprise a coil portion positioned on, at, near or adjacent n-number of magnetic materials. The multi-layer and multi-tiered coils may be connected in series, may reside in one or more horizontal planes, or both. Some embodiments comprise either a Tx coil, an Rx coil, or both, wherein the Tx coil, the Rx coil, or both comprise one of a single coil, a multi-layer coil, a multi-tiered coil, or combinations thereof, wherein the Tx coil, the Rx coil, or both are positioned on, at, near or adjacent one of a magnetic material, a magnetic material comprising multiple pieces, or one or more magnetic materials. The magnetic material comprising multiple pieces, the one or more magnetic materials, or both, may further comprise the same material or two or more different magnetic materials.

FIG. 23A is a block diagram for an embodiment of a multiple device wireless power transfer system 2300A, wherein a plurality of the Tx coil assemblies 2100 of FIG. 22 are utilized for wirelessly transmitting electrical power to one or more receiver devices. Relatedly, FIG. 23B illustrates a top down perspective view of the wireless power transfer system 2300A. As illustrated, the system 2300 may include any “n” number of Tx coil assemblies 2100A-N. Each of the Tx coil assemblies reside within a mechanical housing 2400, which includes one or more structural components. As illustrated in the block diagram, the mechanical housing 2400 includes a plurality of sub-zones 2410 of the mechanical housing 2400. Each of the plurality of sub-zones 2410 is operatively associated with one member of the plurality of Tx coil assemblies 2100, up to any number “n” of sub-zones 2410. Each of the plurality of sub-zones 2410 may be functionally associated with a charge volume of its associated Tx coil assembly 2100. As defined herein, “charge volume” refers to any distance from a Tx coil assembly 2100, any area proximate to a Tx coil assembly 2100, and/or any volume proximate to a Tx coil assembly 2100, wherein a wireless power transfer receiver device, coil, antenna, and/or assembly is capable of coupling with the Tx coil assembly, 2100, for the purposes of a desired wireless power transfer. To that end, a sub-zone 2410 being “functionally associated with a charge volume of a Tx coil assembly 2100” may refer to conditions wherein a receiver system can couple with the Tx coil, when in electrical operation, for the purposes of wireless power transfer when the receiver system is positioned proximate to the sub-zone 2410.

As illustrated, the wireless power transmission system 2300 includes a plurality of Tx coil assemblies 2100, wherein each Tx coil assembly 2100 is individually capable of power transmission to one or more receivers. Alternatively, depending on the power requirements of the one or more receivers, the one or more receivers may share one Tx coil assembly 2100 of the plurality of Tx coil assemblies 2100 of the wireless power transmission system 2300. Optionally, a transmitter coil of the Tx coil assemblies 2100 may be of a multiple coil construction comprising any of the multi-coil embodiments disclosed herein. The multiple coil construction of either the Tx coil assemblies 2100 may comprise two or more coils connected in series.

Depending on the amplification requirements of an application, the wireless power transmission system 2300 may further comprise one or more single-stage amplifiers, one or more multi-stage amplifiers, and/or combinations thereof. In some examples, such an amplifier may be included as part of the driving circuitry 2220 of the wireless power transfer circuit 2200. The multi-coil construction of any of the Tx coil assemblies 2100, may be driven by one or more of the amplifiers of the system 2300 or the Tx coil assembly 2100, itself. Additionally, the multiple coil construction of a Tx coil assembly 2100 may be driven by a same amplifier stage either of the single-stage amplifier, or the same one of the stages of the multi-stage amplifier. By having a Tx coil assembly 2100 having a multiple coil construction driven by a same amplifier stage, one or more receivers can couple to one or more Tx coil assemblies 2100 for wireless power transfer without requiring independent amplifiers for each transmitter coil.

In some examples, the multiple coil construction of any Tx coil assembly 2100 may further include a capacitor placed along a series connection of at least two coils of the multiple coil construction so that a voltage, a current, or both can revert to phase to maintain coil sensitivity low and a stable system is preserved. This implementation may be advantageous, in comparison to utilizing just a larger coil that would cover the same charge area as the 2 or more coils connected in series, because the multiple coil assembly may have higher coil-coil efficiency, lower inductance/better yield, and less coupling to foreign objects and better EMI due to the higher efficiency and less unshielded radiating H-fields.

As illustrated, the wireless power transfer circuit board 2200 is operatively associated with each of the Tx coil assemblies 2100. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 23A, the circuit 2200A may be or include a common circuit having common electronics connected to each of the Tx Coil assemblies 2100. Alternatively, as illustrated in the embodiment of the system 2300B, the circuit board 2200B may include a plurality of sub-circuits 2210, wherein each of the plurality of sub-circuits 2210, up to any number “n” of sub-circuits 2210, are operatively associated with a respective one of the plurality of Tx coil assemblies 2100. The two or more Tx coil assemblies 2100 may be configured as a single unit, or alternately may be configured as separate units residing within the single mechanical housing of the wireless transmission system 2300.

As illustrated in FIG. 23A, 23B, the wireless power transfer circuit 2200A includes, at least, driving circuitry 2220. In some examples, the driving circuitry 2220 is configured to drive each of the plurality of Tx coil assemblies 2100. Alternatively, in some examples such as the system 2300B of FIGS. 24A, 24B, the wireless power transfer circuit includes a two or more driving circuits 2220A-N. In some such examples, at least two of the two or more driving circuits 2220 may be substantially similar circuits, in design and/or function. In some other examples, at least two of the two or more driving circuits 2220 are constructed on a common circuit board. In some alternative examples, at least two of the two or more driving circuits 2220 are individually constructed on two or more independent circuit boards.

The wireless power transfer circuit 2200 of the wireless power transmission system 2300 comprises at least one controller 2210, for controlling operations of the system 2300, and driving circuitry 2220, for driving power transmission via one or more of the Tx coil assemblies 2100. In some examples, the controller 2210 is configured to measure current passing through a transmitter coil of one or more Tx coil assemblies 2100. In some examples, the controller 2210 may include or be embodied by one or more of a circuit board, circuitry, sensor(s), a firmware, or combinations thereof. The wireless power transfer circuit 2200 may include and/or be one or more of a printed circuit board, a multi-layer printed wiring board, a point-to-point construction board, and any combinations thereof.

In some examples, the circuit 2200 may further include a foreign object detection (FOD) circuit 2800 in operative association and/or communication with an associated controller 2210. The FOD circuit 2800 is configured to provide information to the controller 2210 for one or more of an initial foreign object detection, a continuous foreign object detection, or combinations thereof. The FOD circuit 2800 may utilize one or more electrical components for voltage sensing, current sensing, temperature sensing, impedance sensing, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the information provided by the FOD circuit 2800 may be utilized by the controller 2210 in determining one or more quality factor (Q) measurements, associated with a FOD system or method. Quality factor (Q) measurements are a calculation that may be derived from an impedance detected that is associated with an antenna and/or foreign object. Q may be defined as:

${Q = \frac{2\pi f_{r}L}{R}};$

wherein fr is a resonant frequency of the system, L is an inductance of the system, and R is an impedance detected by the system and/or FOD circuit 2800. Thus, so long as an impedance may be detected, that is associated with the object for detection, Q may be derived therefrom. Additionally or alternatively, Q may be derived from other electrical information or characteristics determined by the system 2300 and/or the FOD circuit 2800.

“Initial foreign object detection” refers to an FOD process when the wireless power transmission system 2300 initially determines that an object is present in a charge volume operatively associated with a wireless power transmitter 2100 and then determines if the object is a wireless receiver system or a foreign object. “Continuous foreign object detection” refers to an FOD process when the wireless power transmission system 2300 is aware that an object is present in the charge volume of a wireless power transmitter 2300 (e.g., via detection using the initial FOD system/method), but the system 2100 continues to evaluate whether the detected object is a wireless receiver system 2500 or a foreign object and/or evaluate if a foreign object has entered the charge volume, in addition to the wireless receiver system 2500.

“Foreign object,” as defined herein, refers to any object that may be present in a charge volume that a user or a system would prefer not be in the charge volume. For example, foreign objects may include objects, that are not wireless power receivers, that contain a metal or other conductor that could couple with one or more wireless power transmitters 2300 and have energy transferred thereto. In some other examples, foreign objects may refer to other wireless power receivers that are not configured to specifically couple with the wireless power transmitter(s) 2300. However, the foreign objects, for the purposes of this disclosure, may be any object in a charge volume that is not intended to reside in the charge volume.

The circuit 2200 and/or any sub-circuits thereof supports at least one Tx coil assembly 2100 at a sub-zone 2410, each sub-zone 2410 of which is physically and/or electrically connectable to a Tx coil assembly 2100. As illustrated in FIGS. 23-25, the sub-zones 2410 are indicated by long dashed lines and, while each sub-zone 2410 is illustrated with a shape, it is contemplated that the subzones 2410 need not conform to the illustrated shapes and/or dimensions and each sub-zone 2410 may be any two or three dimensional space on or proximate to the housing 2400. The circuit 2200, in operation with the Tx coil assemblies 2100, allows the system 2300 to function as a multi device wireless power transmission system 2300. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that any embodiment of the Tx coil previously disclosed may be used to construct the system 2300, wherein the Tx coil assemblies 2100 of the system 2300 can either all be the same, all be different, or in any combination between all being the same and all being different. Additionally, a wireless power transmission system 2300 may comprise as many Tx coils, circuit boards, and/or circuits as required by the application and/or that fits within the space allowed by the system 2300.

In some examples, the controller 2210 may include or be embodied by a single controller 2210; alternatively, the controller 2210 may be embodied by a plurality of controllers 2210, functioning one or both of independently and in concert. In some examples, such as the exemplary wireless power transmission system 2300A of FIG. 23A, a singular controller 2210 may be configured to control operations of the Tx coil assemblies 2100 and/or the driving circuitry 2220; thus the controller 2210 may be configured as a common controller of the Tx coil assemblies 2100.

In some examples, such as certain examples related to the exemplary system 2300A of FIGS. 23A, 23B, the controller 2210 may comprise at least one controller being partitioned so that one or more transmission operations can be executed when one or more wireless power receivers require substantially different parameters for wireless power reception. In a non-limiting example, the controller 2210 may comprise a partition comprising a selection circuitry configured to query a wireless power receiver and then identify and select which of the two or more Tx coil assemblies 2100, residing in the single mechanical housing 2400, is required to efficiently execute wireless power transmission to the wireless power receiver(s). In another non-limiting example, the controller 2210 may also comprise a partition capable of assessing the distance between a wireless power receiver and the wireless transmission system 2300 to identify, based on the distance determined, how much power to transmit to the wireless power receiver, and then identify and select which of the two or more Tx coil assemblies 2100, residing in the single mechanical housing 2400, is required and is or is not available for transmission. If the appropriate Tx coil assembly 2100 is not available, the partitioned controller 2210 may further be configured to place the waiting wireless power receiver in the queue for coupling to the required wireless power transmitter upon completion and disengagement of the required Tx coil assembly 2100 from the previously coupled wireless power receiver.

In another example system 2300A wherein a single controller 2210 is in use the controller 2210 is optionally connected to multiple Tx coil assemblies 2100, wherein the single controller 2210 scans across the optionally connected Tx coil assemblies 2100 to detect whether one or more receivers are present, then provides one of selecting, matching, pairing, or combinations thereof the one more Tx coil assemblies 2100 and the one or more receivers for wireless power transfer.

Turning now to FIG. 25A, the single mechanical housing 2400 is illustrated in a transparent, three-dimensional illustration. Structural features of the housing 2400 are indicated with dotted lines and the illustration is intended to show an exemplary housing 2400 and its relation to other elements of the system 2300. In some examples, the housing 2400 may define one or more mechanical alignment features 2420 for aligning either transmitters and receivers, Tx and Rx coils, Tx and Rx modules, Tx and Rx assemblies, or Tx and Rx devices or apparatuses. As illustrated, the mechanical alignment features 2420 may be configured for aligning a receiver (Rx) coil assembly 2510, of at least one wireless receiver system 2500, with one of the Tx coil assemblies, proximate to a sub-zone 2410A. As illustrated in FIGS. 25A-C, the housing 2400 may define any number “n” of mechanical alignment features 2420, each for aligning an Rx coil assembly 2510 with a Tx coil assembly 2100, for wireless power transfer via the system 2300.

One or more of the mechanical alignment features 2420 may include or be defined by the housing 2400 as a non-flat surface of the housing 2400. In some such examples, such as the illustration shown in FIG. 25B, the mechanical alignment features 2420 may optionally be configured to provide one or more docking structures capable of docking and/or otherwise containing one or more wireless receiver systems 2500, wherein at least one of the mechanical alignment features 2420 provides alignment between a Tx coil assembly 2100 and an Rx coil assembly 2510. The mechanical alignment features 2420 may either all be the same, all be different, or in any combination between all being the same and all being different, so that one or more differently configured, sized, or operational receivers can be concurrently accommodated for simultaneous power transmission. It is contemplated that such embodiments, independently or in various combinations thereof, enables wireless power transfer to various receiver configurations, power requirements and/or sizes at the same time.

In addition to the mechanical alignment features 2420, at least one mechanical alignment feature 2420 of the system 2300 may further optionally be configured to be attachable and/or detachable from a port of the system 2300 so that a receiver comprising a difference in one of: size, shape, profile, contour, form, outline, identity, model, power, frequency, operation, or combinations thereof, may be concurrently accommodated for simultaneous power transmission by simply attaching to the housing 2400, and then detaching from the housing 2400 when transmission is completed. It is understood that various individual mechanical alignment features 2420 and/or portions of the housing 2400 of different configurations and sizes may be available for attachment and detachment from the single mechanical housing 2400 of the system 2300. The mechanical housing 2400 may also be optionally configured with at least one additional connection port 2470 that permits attachment and/or detachment of a support apparatus such as a USB device, a portable hard drive, an external circuit board, an external firmware, an external software, a key fob, a docking structure, a charging pad, an RFID reader, or combinations thereof. Thus, the system 2300 offers connection port 2470 having the capability of wireless power transfer to various other additional receivers regardless of receiver configuration, power requirements or size, using the bay that is configured for attachment/detachment of the docking structure, while the other bays of the multi-bay power transfer system is charging other devises in their corresponding docking structures. Likewise, the at least one additional connection port 2470 provides the system 2300 with the capability of adding peripheral functionality when required, such as when an application may require functional use of external structures or devices while wirelessly transferring power to docked receiving devices.

In some examples, such as the system 2300C of FIG. 25C, the housing 2400 may include a plurality of connectable structures 2430, thus allowing for modularity in the wireless power transmission system 2300C. To that end, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 25C, the housing 2400 includes a first structure 2430A, which may be a base structure for the housing 2400, and a second structure 2430B, which may be an expansion structure for adding additional Tx coil assembly(ies) 2100N to the system 2300. To that end, the second structure 2430B may be configured to house at least one Tx coil assembly 2100. In some examples, the second structure 2430B may house one or more sub-circuits 2205 of the wireless power transfer circuit 2200; alternatively, in some examples, the second structure 2430B may include no circuitry and be driven and/or controlled by the wireless power transfer circuit 2200 which, in this example, is housed and/or operatively associated with the first structure 2430A.

The system 2300C further includes a removable connection 2600, for connecting/disconnecting any structure(s) 2430 of the housing 2400. In the non-limiting example of the removable connection 2600, as illustrated in 25C and the magnified view in FIG. 26, the removable connection 2600 includes elements associated with multiple structures 2430 of the housing 2400. For example, the removable connection 2600 may include one or more protruding features 2610 on or operatively associated with the second structure 2430B, each of the protruding features 2610 operatively associated with an electrical contact 2620 operatively associated with, at least, a Tx coil assembly 2100 housed by the second structure 2430. In such examples, the removable connection 2600 may include recessing features 2630, the recessing features 2630 substantially corresponding, at least in part, with a shape of the protruding features 2630. Each of the recessing features 2630 may be operatively associated with a circuit electrical contact 2640, which may be configured to attach additional electronics to the wireless power transfer circuit 2200. Accordingly, when in connection, the protruding features 2610 and recessing features 2630 act to connect the electrical contacts 2620 with the circuit electrical contacts 2640 to allow for one or both of communicative connection and power transfer connection. To that end, the protruding features 2610 and the recessing features 2630 may have a male/female connective relationship, wherein the protruding features 2610 are “male” connective components and the recessing features 2630 are “female” connective components.

By utilizing a system 2300C with a modular construction, wherein one or more structures, constructs, assemblies, components, configurations, apparatuses, or combinations thereof may be combined to: increase the number, size, shape or combinations thereof of a charging surface; extend, adapt, modify, alter, increase, decrease, focus, defocus or combinations thereof of a magnetic field; provide and/or augment thermal management, provide and/or augment magnetic field management, provide and/or augment magnetic field concentration, provide and/or augment electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation, provide and/or augment noise susceptibility shielding, provide and/or augment magnetic field coupling strength (capture) for broader and/or stronger wireless power transmission, provide and/or augment wireless power transmission at extended distances, or combinations thereof. The modular construction of the multi-bay power system may further comprise at least one dual-function area, wherein the dual-function area is configured to dock a receiver and to receive wireless power transfer from the one or more transmitters of the multi-bay power system, meaning that the bay itself not only docks a receiver, but is also a receiver itself. Such a dual-function bay may be charged separately, or alternatively at the same time as a docked device to this bay, so that the charged dual-function bay may, in turn, charge another receiver at a time different from when the dual-function bay is charged.

The system 2300 may comprise and/or include one or more circuit boards. The one or more circuit boards may comprise one of a printed circuit board (PCB), a multi-layer printed wiring board, a point-to-point construction board, or combinations thereof. The circuit board may comprise any number of circuits and/or any number of variations of a circuitry arrangement, including various additions to the circuit board circuit or circuits and/or circuitry, including but not limited to, components, wires, wiring, adaptors, connectors, extensions, ports, or combinations thereof, so that wireless transmission efficiency is increased and/or transmission distances are extended in accordance with the requirements of an application. The one or more circuit boards may individually be electrically connected uniquely to each of either two or more wireless power transmitters, two or more wireless power receivers, two or more bays, two or more docking structures, one or more controllers, one or more firmware, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, a single circuit board may be electrically connected to one of two or more wireless power transmitters, two or more wireless power receivers, two or more bays, two or more docking structures, one or more controllers, one or more firmware, or combinations thereof. A circuit board may also be separately electrically connected uniquely to one or more transmitter, one or more receiver, one or more Tx coil, one or more Rx coil, one or more Tx module, one or more Rx module, one or more Tx assembly, one ore more Rx assembly, one or more Tx device, one or more Rx device, one or more Tx apparatus, one or more Rx apparatus, or combinations thereof.

The circuitry of the wireless power transmission system 2300 may comprise conditioning circuitry. The conditioning circuitry may comprise a resistor network. The conditioning circuitry may specify a threshold for activation. The threshold activation may comprise a protection and/or an operation threshold, wherein the activation threshold specified comprises one of an over voltage protection (OVP), an under voltage protection (UVP), an over current protection (OCP), an over power protection (OPP), an over load protection (OLP), an over temperature protection (OTP), a no-load operation (NLO) a power good signal, or combinations thereof. The conditioning circuitry may comprise one or more positive temperature coefficient (PTC) fuses. One or more of the PTC fuses may be resettable. The conditioning circuitry may comprise one or more field-effect transistors (FETs). One or more FETs may comprise a P-channel or P-type metal oxide semiconductor FET (PMOSFET/PFET) and/or an N-channel or N-type metal oxide semiconductor FET (NMOSFET/NFET). The conditioning circuitry may comprise one of an FET, an NFET, a PFET, a PTC fuse, or combinations thereof. The conditioning circuitry may further comprise one of an FET, an NFET, a PFET, a PTC fuse, or combinations thereof within one or more integrated circuits, one or more circuit boards, or combinations thereof. The conditioning circuitry may comprise components having current ratings of 4 A-10 A. The conditioning circuitry may comprise a Q factor sensing circuit having a resistor comprising a power rating of 0.5 W. The conditioning circuitry may comprise coil tuning capacitors having a voltage rating of 100 V-400 V. Such a voltage rating mitigates damage of, for example, coil tuning capacitors while operating at power transfers up to 30 W. The conditioning circuitry may comprise inductors having power conversion current saturation ratings of 7 A-20 A. Such ratings prevent damage to wireless power system circuitry while operating at power transfers up to 30 W and/or when subjected to large in-rush currents.

The wireless power transmission system 2300 and/or the controller 2210 thereof may comprise firmware, the firmware comprising an instruction, the instruction comprising one of a tuning instruction, a detection instruction, an authentication instruction, a settings instruction, a verification instruction, an interrogation instruction or combinations thereof. The firmware may further comprise an instruction to dynamically allocate frequency range to the one or more transmitters residing within the single mechanical housing of the multi-bay power system in order to mitigate any of noise or interference sources disclosed previously. The firmware instruction may further comprise one of tuning, adjusting, foreign object detection (FOD), authentication, authentication mediation, verifications, power requirements, or combinations thereof. The instruction may provide functional instruction to a component, an assembly, a module, a structure, a construct or a configuration. For example, a firmware may adjust coil gain, mediate authentication between a transmitter and a receiver prior to starting wireless power transfer, and/or differentiate between a foreign object and an acceptable object by interrogating the electronics or firmware of each before initiating the function. In some embodiments, a firmware works in concert with electronics to interrogate and/or verify an object is foreign or acceptable before and/or after power transfer.

The wireless power transmission system 2300 and/or the controller 2210 thereof may comprise controller firmware configured to limit an amount of current passing through a transmitter coil. The current limit may further be statically set by a system designer. The current being passed through the transmitter coil can be varied by methods that include but are not limited to: frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, duty cycle modulation, phase modulation, or combinations thereof. The controller firmware may limit an amount of current passing through a transmitter coil based on a static threshold that is programmed into a controller. The controller firmware may limit an amount of current passing through a transmitter coil, wherein the limit can be dynamically calculated based on a data set of parameters that is either pre-programmed or measured directly on a transmitter device.

The controller(s) 2210 may be configured for foreign object detection (FOD) associated with objects in a charge volume proximate to a wireless power transmitter 2100, as discussed above. FIG. 27 is a flowchart 300 illustrating functions of systems and/or methods of FOD that may be performed by the wireless power transmission system 2300 and/or any controller(s) 2210 thereof. While described in relation to the multi-device transmitter system of FIGS. 23-26, it is certainly contemplated that the FOD systems and methods of FIG. 27 are applicable to one transmitter to one receiver systems, one transmitter to multiple receiver systems, multiple transmitter to one receiver systems, and/or any combination of number of transmitter systems and number of receiver systems contemplated.

The flowchart 3000 for the FOD process of the wireless transmission system 2300 begins at block 3100, wherein the wireless power transmission system 2300 determines if there is any object within a charge volume of one or more wireless power transmitters 2100, whether said object is a foreign object or a wireless power receiver system 2500. If an object is detected at block 3100, the process 3000 continues to block 3200, wherein an initial FOD process is performed. The initial FOD process of block 3100 is performed to detect for presence of a foreign object within a charge volume associated with a wireless power transmitter 2100. In some examples, the initial FOD process of block 3100 includes determining an initial quality factor (Q) associated with the object detected within the charge volume.

The initial FOD process of block 3200 is illustrated and described in greater detail in FIG. 28. Turning to FIG. 28, but with continued reference to FIG. 27, the initial FOD 3200 begins at block 3210, wherein a calibration Q (Q_(Cal)) is set and/or accessed from a memory, Q_(Cal) is indicative of a quality factor of the wireless power transmitter 2100 when no object is present in one or more charge volumes of the wireless power transmission system 2300. Then, as illustrated in block 3220, the initial FOD 3200 may include determining an initial Q (Q_(Tx)) at the transmitter antenna, wherein Q_(Tx) is a quality factor when the object is detected in the charge volume. If Q_(Tx) is less than Q_(Cal), then the initial FOD continues to block 3230; otherwise, the initial FOD continues to monitor Q_(Tx) and compare Q_(Tx) to Q_(Cal) and, in some examples, may determine errors for feedback and/or recursion of the initial FOD of block 3200 or the FOD of flowchart 3000, as illustrated in block 3210.

If Q_(Tx) is determined to be within an acceptable range of quality factors for a wireless receiver system (Q_(Rx) is within range of [Q_(Rxmin):Q_(Rxmax)]), then an authentication message may be sent to the wireless receiver system 2500 that is presumed present in the charge volume(s).

Otherwise, the initial FOD 3200 may return to comparing Q_(Tx) to Q_(Cal) and, optionally, report error(s) at block 3210.

Returning now to FIG. 27, if such authentication message(s) are transmitted to the wireless receiver system 2500, presumed in the charge volume, then flowchart 3000 continues to block 3300, wherein wireless power transfer negotiations are initiated with the wireless power receiver system 2500 and/or any controllers thereof. Then, the flowchart 3000 may continue to block 3400, wherein a continuous FOD process is performed during wireless power transfer from the wireless power transmission system 2300 to one or more wireless receiver systems 2500, which is illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 29.

Turning to FIG. 29, with continued reference to FIGS. 27, 28, the continuous FOD 3400 begins at block 3410A, wherein a first quality factor of the wireless power transmitter 2100 (Q_(Txi)), at a first iteration “i” of the continuous FOD, is determined. Q_(Txi) is then compared against the Q_(Rx) range [Q_(Rxmin):Q_(Rxmax)] and, if Q_(Txi) is within said range (Q_(Rxmin)<Q_(Tx)<Q_(Rxmax)), then the continuous FOD continues to block 3420A; otherwise, the continuous FOD continues to block 3600, wherein wireless power transfer in the charge volume is ceased.

In some examples of the continuous FOD, the controller may be configured to receive power data from the wireless power receiver 2500 and dynamically alter the power loss threshold during wireless power transmission, based on the power data. P_(LOSS) may then be compared against a power loss threshold (P_(L_THRESH)). P_(L_THRESH) may be configured as any threshold of a change in power loss that is indicative of one or more of removal of the wireless power receiver 2500 from the charge volume, introduction of a foreign object to the charge volume, replacement of the wireless power receiver 2500 with a foreign object, or combinations thereof. Thus, if P_(LOSS) exceeds P_(L_THRESH), it is indicative of either FOD or removal of the wireless power receiver system 2500 and the process 3000 will continue to block 3600, wherein wireless power transfer is ceased. Otherwise, if P_(LOSS) does not exceed P_(L_THRESH), the continuous FOD will continue to perform the steps of blocks 3410, 3420, and 3430 for a second iteration (i+1) of the continuous FOD. Thus, the continuous FOD will determine Q at the second iteration (Q_(Txi+1)), compare Q_(Txi+1) to Q_(Txi) (block 34120B) to determine an updated P_(LOSS) (block 3430B), which is then compared against P_(L_THRESH), to determine if the wireless power transfer should continue or be ceased.

In some examples, the continuous FOD includes receiving power data associated with the wireless power receiver system 2500 by the controller 2210, as illustrated in block 3440. In some such examples, the continuous FOD may utilize said power data to dynamically alter P_(L_THRESH), for optimized FOD and/or wireless power transfer between the wireless power transmission system 2300 and the wireless power receiver system 2500. For example, loading factors, such as a charge level of a battery associated with the wireless power receiver system 2500, may alter the amount of power desired and/or transmitted and, thus, P_(L_THRESH) may be altered to optimize power transfer conditions based on such loading factors.

Such steps of the continuous FOD (e.g., blocks 3410, 3420, 3430, 3440, 3450) may be performed any number “n” of times for any number of “n” iterations of the continuous FOD, until the wireless power transfer is ceased at block 3600.

Returning now to FIG. 27, as illustrated, the FOD process 3000 may continue to perform iterations of the continuous FOD 3400 and continue wireless power transfer (block 3500), until wireless power transfer is ended at block 3600. Otherwise, if the wireless power transfer is ended at block 3600, then the process 3000 may return to block 3100, wherein the wireless power transmission system 2300 again checks for and/or detects presence of an object in a charge volume associated with one or more wireless power transmitters 2100.

By utilizing the systems and methods disclosed herein for performing ruggedized FOD between at the wireless power transmission system 2300, safe wireless power transfer and/or wireless communications can be performed that are less susceptible to failure due to foreign objects or errors hindering wireless power transfer operations. To that end, the ruggedized FOD systems and methods disclosed herein allow for utilization of multiple transmitter to receiver pairs within a relatively closed space, while minimizing faulty or false positive FOD, allowing the wireless power transmission system 2300 to establish rugged connections for wireless power transfer. Further, by utilizing multi-process FOD, enhanced safety mechanisms are enabled during wireless power transfer.

The wireless power transmission system 2300 may comprise one or more antennas, wherein any one of the antenna configurations previously disclosed herein may be, uniquely or in various combinations, physically, thermally and/or electrically connected to any component, structure, assembly, module, or combinations thereof of the multi-bay power system. The one or more antennas may further comprise one or more conductors, wherein the one or more conductors comprise one of a single element or a multitude of elements, and wherein the single element or the multitude of elements may further comprise one of a wire also as previously disclosed herein, that is, comprising one of a trace, a filar, a filament or combinations thereof. The multitude of elements may further comprise wires, traces, filars, and filaments that may be woven, twisted or coiled together, which may include a Litz wire, a ribbon, or a cable. The wire as previously defined may further comprise a bare metallic surface or alternatively, may comprise a layer of electrically insulating material, such as a dielectric material that contacts and surrounds the metallic surface of the wire. Additionally, the one or more antennas of the multi-bay power system may further comprise various other features, structures, or constructions that may provide one of: limiting electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels; managing excess heat; ruggedizing to withstand shock, vibration, impacts and drops, detecting foreign objects; communicating data effectively; maximizing efficiency of, between and across multiple wireless power transmitters; and combinations thereof; wherein functionality provided by each feature embodied within the one or more antennas may either be provided individually or simultaneously one with another. It is contemplated that n number of features may be provided simultaneously in any one or more of the one or more antennas.

In addition to the antenna configurations disclosed herein, the wireless power transmission system 2300 may also comprise antennas comprising: the multi-layer multi turn technology described in the previously presented U.S. Patents incorporated herein by reference; the multi mode antennas of U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,941,590, 9,941,729, 9,941,743, 9,948,129, 9,960,628, 9,960,629, 10,063,100, and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2019/0097461, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference; and the antennas having coil construction as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2018/0343038, 2018/0343039, 2018/0343040, 218/0343041, and 2018/0343042, the contents of which are also fully incorporated herein by reference. The multi-bay power system may also comprise printed circuit board (PCB) antennas, printed coil technology antennas, solid wire antennas, stamped coil antennas, laser cut coil antennas, litz wire antennas, chip antennas, trace antennas, FR4 antennas, flexible printed circuit board (FPC) antennas, ceramic substrate antennas, dipole antennas, loop antennas, and combinations thereof. Moreover, the multi-bay power system may also comprise any commercially available antenna that may provide added value to the purpose and functionality of the intended application.

A wireless power system for transferring power at extended coil-to-coil distances, extended transmitter-receiver ranges, and/or larger transmitter-receiver volumes comprises a receiving coil; one or more receiving electronics electrically connected to the receiving coil; a transmitting coil comprising a magnetic material; the transmitting coil being capable of being coupled to the receiving coil and, one or more transmitting electronics. A wireless power system for transferring power at extended coil-to-coil distances, extended transmitter-receiver ranges, and/or larger transmitter-receiver volumes comprises a receiving coil; one or more receiving electronics electrically connected to the receiving coil; a transmitting coil comprising a magnetic material; the transmitting coil being capable of being coupled to the receiving coil and, one or more transmitting electronics. The wireless power system of the present application further comprises one or more transmitting electronics electrically connected to the transmitting coil, wherein the transmitting electronics comprises a control system loop, wherein when the control system loop varies, one or more of a frequency, an input voltage, an input current, or a duty cycle, or phase, the wireless power system maintains uninterrupted operation. The wireless power system of the present application also further comprises at least one receiving electronics, wherein the at least one receiving electronics comprises a rectified voltage range between 8V and 50V. The wireless power system of the present application may comprise an operating frequency, wherein the operating frequency ranges from about 25 kHz to about 300 kHz. The wireless power system of the present application may transfer power that is greater than 1 nW up to 30 W. The wireless power system of the present application may transfer power at a coil-to-coil distance ranging from 5 mm to 25 mm. The wireless power system of the present application comprises a transmitting coil, wherein the transmitting coil comprises a transmitting coil surface and the magnetic material comprises a magnetic material surface, wherein the magnetic material surface is equal to or greater than the transmitting coil surface. The wireless power system of the present application further comprises a magnetic material surface, wherein the magnetic material surface comprises a surface area between 700 mm² and 10,000 mm². The wireless power system of the present application further comprises a magnetic material surface, wherein the magnetic material surface further comprises two or more horizontal planes, wherein at least one of the two or more horizontal planes extends beyond another horizontal plane. The wireless power system of the present application comprises one or more transmitting electronics, wherein the one or more transmitting electronics further comprises a tuning circuit. The wireless power system of the present application comprises a tuning circuit, wherein, when the tuning circuit is adjusted, the resonant frequency of an LC tank of the tuning circuit resonates at a frequency lower than an operating frequency of the wireless power system. The wireless power system of the present application comprises a magnetic material, wherein the magnetic material comprises one of a T-core shape, an E-core shape, a custom shape, or combinations thereof. The wireless power system of the present application comprises a coil assembly, wherein the coil assembly comprises a coil and a magnetic material, wherein the magnetic material resides at an inner diameter of the coil of the coil assembly, and wherein the coil and the magnetic material comprise a gap of at least 2 mm located therebetween. The magnetic material may be a magnetic material. The magnetic material may comprise a magnetic body. The magnetic body may further comprise a single, unitary constituent, the single unitary constituent further comprising one or more structural components. The wireless power system of the present application may comprise at least one a transmitting coil and at least one receiving coil, wherein either the at least one transmitting coil, the at least one receiving coil, or both comprise one of a single coil, a multi-layer coil, a multi-tiered coil, or combinations thereof. The multi-layer coil, the multi-tiered coil, or both may further comprise a coil structure comprising one or more coils. The multi-layer coil, the multi-tiered coil, or both may further comprise at least one series connection. The multi-layer coil, the multi-tiered coil, or both may reside in one or more horizontal planes.

As used herein, a “power system” is generally used interchangeably with a power transmitting system, a power receiving system, and/or a power-generating system. Non-limiting examples include: wireless power transmitters or wireless power receivers; transmitters or receivers; Tx or Rx. The term “power system” as used herein is defined as a device or an apparatus that sends, accepts, broadcasts, communicates, or carries a signal, power, energy and/or data from one point, location, apparatus or apparatuses to another point, location, apparatus or apparatuses, or over a part or all of a line or path without the use of wires as a physical link.

The term “electrically connected” or “electrically connectable” is herein defined as an electrical connection between two or more electrically conductive structures. The electrical connection may be a direct physical and/or mechanical electrical connection, comprising a third or more structures or components such as a via, a solder, a tab, a wire, a pin, a screw, a rivet, or combinations thereof; or may be a direct mechanical electrical connection comprising one or more electrically conductive structures directly attached one to the other; or may, alternatively, be a conductively coupled electrical connection, wherein electrical energy transfers between two independent electrically conductive structures that are in direct physical contact.

The term “thermally connected” or “thermally connectable” is herein defined as a thermal connection between two or more thermally conductive structures. The thermal connection may be a direct physical and/or mechanical thermal connection, comprising a third or more structures or components such as an adhesive, a gasket, a pad, a plate, a block, a body, a sheet, a film, a foil, a fabric, a screen, a weave, a mesh, a foam, a custom fiber or wire form, a braid, a composite of a high thermal conductivity material, or combinations thereof; or may be a direct mechanical thermal connection comprising one or thermally conductive structures directly attached one to the other; or may, alternatively, be a conductively coupled thermal connection, wherein thermal energy transfers between two independent thermally conductive structures that are in direct physical contact.

The term “couples”, “coupled”, or “coupling” as used throughout this specification generally refers to magnetic field coupling, and excludes the above specifically defined terms “conductively coupled electrical connection” and “conductively coupled thermal connection”. Magnetic field coupling occurs when the energy of a transmitter and a receiver is coupled to each other through a magnetic field.

The word “constituent” is used herein to mean “the individual components that make an assembly.” The word “component” is used herein to mean “one of a collection of independent constituents of an assembly.” An embodiment therefore is constituted of individual constituent components.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” or as an “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the term “and” or “or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase “at least one of” does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C.

The predicate words “configured to”, “operable to”, and “programmed to” do not imply any particular tangible or intangible modification of a subject, but, rather, are intended to be used interchangeably. In one or more embodiments, a processor configured to monitor and control an operation or a component may also mean the processor being programmed to monitor and control the operation or the processor being operable to monitor and control the operation. Likewise, a processor configured to execute code can be construed as a processor programmed to execute code or operable to execute code.

A phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as an “aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such an “embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as a “configuration” may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa.

In this disclosure, the term “battery” is understood to refer to one of several types of loads; for instance, it can refer to an energy storage component, a series of energy storage components, or some other type of load which is adapted to receive electrical power. It will be appreciated that embodiments disclosed herein are adaptable to provide power and/or current to elements other than a battery; non-limiting examples include capacitors and general electrical devices and/or apparatuses.

Throughout this specification, the terms “T-core”, “T-shape”, and “top-hat” may be used interchangeably. As defined herein, and are understood to refer to a particular structure, wherein a magnetic material, such as a magnetic, comprises a larger structure and a smaller structure, the larger structure extending beyond the smaller structure. In some embodiments, the larger structure may comprise at least one horizontal plane. In some embodiments, the larger structure may provide a base for the smaller structure. The smaller structure may reside atop, below, or both atop and below the larger structure. The smaller structure may be positioned centrally, off-center, askew, angled, obliquely, symmetrically, asymmetrically, out of line, to one side, on one side, unevenly, or axially aligned relative to the larger structure. In an embodiment the magnetic material comprises a smaller structure positioned atop (or below, depending on orientation) a larger structure. The smaller structure of said arrangement may comprise the same magnetic material as that of the larger structure; or, alternatively, the smaller structure of said arrangement may comprise a different magnetic material than that of the larger structure. It is anticipated that the magnetic material of either the smaller structure, the larger structure, or both may comprise multiple magnetic materials that either differ in composition or are of the same composition, are layered in-line with each other or are staggered one from another, are of identical size and/or shape or differ in size and/or shape, any of which alone or in combination may be applied depending on the requirement(s) of the application, and/or the specific desired performance outcome(s) intended. For example, two or more magnetic materials may be layered, meshed, woven, braided, rolled, or extruded so that the two or more materials are distributed throughout the smaller structure, the larger structure or both. The magnetic materials may even be pressed or extruded forming either the smaller structure, the larger structure, or both, wherein the structure(s) thereof comprises two or more discrete magnetic material regions.

Said “T-core”, “T-shape”, or “top-hat” arrangement may alternately comprise one single unitary body, wherein a magnetic material of the single unitary body comprises a smaller structure physically protruding from a larger structure. The unitary body may comprise more than one magnetic material. For example, two or more magnetic material pieces (of the same size, or of differing size) may be layered and then formed to create a unitary body having the “T-core”, “T-shape”, or “top-hat” protrusion. Alternatively, a composite magnetic material piece comprising two or more magnetic materials, wherein the magnetic material may be meshed, woven, braided, rolled, or extruded so that the two or more materials are distributed through the unitary body. The magnetic materials may even be pressed or extruded forming a unitary body comprising two or more discrete magnetic materials regions within the unitary body. In this case, for example, one magnetic material region may provide for the smaller structure portion of the unitary body, while a different magnetic material region may provide the larger structure portion of the unitary body.

In addition to the above, it is also anticipated that this type of shape can be adapted to allow a coil of wire, a multi-layer printed coil, a multi-layer multi-turn printed coil, or other electrically conductive material, to sit atop the larger component while surrounding the smaller component. This setup combines benefits of a magnetic material core, such as a magnetic core, with benefits of a magnetic material base, such as a magnetic base. As defined herein, the word “wire” is a length of electrically conductive material that may either be of a two dimensional conductive line or track that may extend along a surface or alternatively, a wire may be of a three dimensional conductive line or track that is contactable to a surface. A wire may comprise a trace, a filar, a filament or combinations thereof. These elements may be a single element or a multitude of elements such as a multifilar element or a multifilament element. Further, the multitude of wires, traces, filars, and filaments may be woven, twisted or coiled together such as in a cable form. The wire as defined herein may comprise a bare metallic surface or alternatively, may comprise a layer of electrically insulating material, such as a dielectric material that contacts and surrounds the metallic surface of the wire. A “trace” is an electrically conductive line or track that may extend along a surface of a substrate. The trace may be of a two dimensional line that may extend along a surface or alternatively, the trace may be of a three dimensional conductive line that is contactable to a surface. A “filar” is an electrically conductive line or track that extends along a surface of a substrate. A filar may be of a two dimensional line that may extend along a surface or alternatively, the filar may be a three dimensional conductive line that is contactable to a surface. A “filament” is an electrically conductive thread or threadlike structure that is contactable to a surface. In summary, a magnetic material T-shape may be created from multiple pieces of magnetic material, or from a single magnetic material piece, either homogenous, heterogeneous, composite, or combinations thereof.

In this disclosure, terms such as “E-core”, or “E-shape” are understood to refer to a setup comprising a magnetic base, a magnetic core atop the magnetic base, and a magnetic ring extending upward from the magnetic base. A cross-section of this setup generally forms the shape of a letter “E”. The shape of the letter “E” may have several rotational orientations. A magnetic E-shape might be formed from multiple material pieces of magnetic, or from a single material body.

Note that combinations and shapes of magnetic are contemplated other than the above shapes; some of these might include combining elements such as a base, a core, and/or a ring in ways that form shapes different from those specified above.

The different type of core shapes mentioned may not only improve performance but focus the fields to the center receiver coil position such that transmitter coils may be placed closer to each other without causing coupling interference, cross connects, or false connects. The different type of core shapes also help mitigate EMI by focusing the field directly to where the receiver will be placed, reducing the unshielded radiating H-fields.

Additionally, the above definitions shall be understood to include materials which provide functional benefits similar to magnetic, such as certain ceramic materials.

All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”

Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the subject disclosure.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation of a sub combination. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless power transmission system configured for communications with one or more wireless power receiver systems operating within a frequency band, the wireless power transmission system comprising: at least one wireless power transmitter including a power transmitting coil, the at least one wireless power transmitter configured to transmit electrical power, within a charge volume, to the one or more wireless power receiver systems; a wireless power transfer circuit electrically connectable to the at least one wireless power transmitter, the wireless power transfer circuit including, at least, driving circuitry; and a transmitter controller, transmitter controller configured for, at least, controlling the at least one wireless power transmitter and communicating with at least one receiver controller of the one or more wireless power receiver systems, the controller configured to perform an initial foreign object detection prior to any transmission of wireless power, the initial foreign object detection for detecting presence of a foreign object within the charge volume of the at least one wireless power transmitter, the initial foreign object detection determining an initial quality factor (Q), begin wireless power transfer negotiations with one of the one or more wireless power receivers, if the initial Q has a value in a range indicating that an object in the charge volume is one of the one or more wireless power receivers, and perform a continuous foreign object detection, during one or more of the wireless power transfer negotiations or wireless power transfer, if the initial Q has the value in the range indicating that an object in the charge volume is one of the one or more wireless power receivers.
 2. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, wherein the wireless power transmitter is capable of transferring 1 nW-30 W of power to the at least one of wireless power receiver at a coil-to-coil distance ranging from 5 mm to 25 mm, wherein the communications frequency band is selected from an operating frequency range of 25 kHz to 360 kHz.
 3. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, wherein the transmitter controller is further configured to receive power data form the wireless power receiver and dynamically change a power loss threshold, during wireless power transmission, to prevent false foreign object detection in the continuous foreign object detection.
 4. The wireless power transmission system of claim 3, wherein the power data includes one or more of parameters of rectified power, power losses, power coil quality factor, load resistance, load state of charge, or load health.
 5. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, wherein one or more of the initial foreign object detection, the continuous foreign object detection, or combinations thereof includes one or more of detecting power loss, utilizing measured temperature data, utilizing authentication data, or any combinations thereof.
 6. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, further comprising a foreign object detection (FOD) circuit, the FOD circuit configured to provide information to the transmitter controller for one or more of the initial foreign object detection and the continuous foreign object detection, or combinations thereof.
 7. The wireless power transmission system of claim 6, wherein the FOD circuit utilizes one or more components for voltage sensing, current sensing, temperature sensing, resistance sensing, impedance sensing, or combinations thereof.
 8. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, wherein the initial foreign object detection includes setting a calibration Q when no object is present in the charge volume, determining an initial Q at the transmitter antenna, determine if the initial Q is within a receiver Q range, if the initial Q is in the receiver Q range, send an authentication message to the wireless power receiver, and wherein the transmitter controller is further configured to begin wireless power negotiations, if the wireless power receiver provides authentication.
 9. The wireless power transmission system of claim 8, wherein the continuous foreign object detection includes, determining a first Q proximate to the transmitter coil, determining if the first Q is in the receiver Q range, determining if a first power loss from the calibration Q to the first Q exceeds a power loss threshold, if the power loss exceeds the power loss threshold, determining that a foreign object is present proximate to the transmitter coil continuing wireless power transfer, if the power loss is less than the power loss threshold.
 10. The wireless power transmission system of claim 9, wherein the transmitter controller is further configured to receive power data from the wireless power receiver, and dynamically alter the power loss threshold, during wireless power transmission, based on the power data.
 11. The wireless power transmission system of claim 9, wherein the continuous foreign object detection further includes determining a second Q proximate to the transmitter coil, determining if the second Q is in the receiver Q range, determining if a first power loss from the first Q to the second Q exceeds the power loss threshold, if the power loss exceeds the power loss threshold, determining that a foreign object is present proximate to the transmitter coil continuing wireless power transfer, if the power loss is less than the power loss threshold.
 12. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, wherein the transmitter controller is configured to perform instructions to vary one or more of one or more duty cycles, phase, one or more voltages, one or more frequencies, and any combinations thereof.
 13. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, the controller is configured to synchronize two or more of the at least one wireless power transmitter utilizing one or more of an instruction to reduce idle power, an instruction to control a total maximum delivered power, an instruction to control a total maximum delivered power to each of one or more receivers, and any combinations thereof.
 14. The wireless power transmission system of claim 1, wherein the transmitter controller is configured to optimize power delivery compliant with system thermal threshold limits, wherein optimizing power delivery is based on one or more of a maximum allowable thermal rise, a maximum allowable voltage, a maximum allowable current, and any combinations thereof, and wherein the basis of the system thermal threshold limits resides with one or more members of the plurality of wireless power transmitters, one or more of the two or more wireless power receiver systems, and any combinations thereof.
 15. A wireless power transfer system comprising: one or more wireless power receivers; and a wireless power transmission system configured for communications with the one or more wireless power receiver systems operating within a frequency band, the wireless power transmission system including at least one wireless power transmitter including a power transmitting coil, the at least one wireless power transmitter configured to transmit electrical power, within a charge volume, to the one or more wireless power receiver systems; a wireless power transfer circuit electrically connectable to the at least one wireless power transmitter, the wireless power transfer circuit including, at least, driving circuitry; and a transmitter controller, transmitter controller configured for, at least, controlling the at least one wireless power transmitter and communicating with at least one receiver controller of the one or more wireless power receivers, the controller configured to determine if coupling with an object in the charge volume is occurring, perform an initial foreign object detection prior to any transmission of wireless power, the initial foreign object detection for detecting presence of a foreign object within the charge volume of the at least one wireless power transmitter, the initial foreign object determining an initial quality factor (Q), begin wireless power transfer negotiations with one of the one or more wireless power receivers, if the initial Q has a value in a range indicating that an object in the charge volume is one of the one or more wireless power receivers, and perform a continuous foreign object detection, during one or more of the wireless power transfer negotiations or wireless power transfer, if the initial Q has the value in the range indicating that an object in the charge volume is one of the one or more wireless power receivers.
 16. The wireless power transfer system of claim 15, wherein the wireless power transmitter is capable of transferring 1 nW-30 W of power to the at least one of wireless power receiver at a coil-to-coil distance ranging from 5 mm to 25 mm, wherein the communications frequency band is selected from an operating frequency range of 25 kHz to 300 kHz.
 17. The wireless power transfer system of claim 15, wherein the initial foreign object detection includes setting a calibration Q when no object is present in the charge volume, determining an initial Q at the transmitter antenna, determine if the initial Q is within a receiver Q range, if the initial Q is in the receiver Q range, send an authentication message to the wireless power receiver, and wherein the transmitter controller is further configured to begin wireless power negotiations, if the wireless power receiver provides authentication.
 18. The wireless power transfer system of claim 17, wherein the continuous foreign object detection includes, determining a second Q proximate to the transmitter coil, determining if the second Q is in the receiver Q range, determining if a first power loss from the first Q to the second Q exceeds the power loss threshold, if the power loss exceeds the power loss threshold, determining that a foreign object is present proximate to the transmitter coil continuing wireless power transfer, if the power loss is less than the power loss threshold.
 19. The wireless power transfer system of claim 18, wherein the transmitter controller is further configured to receive power data from the wireless power receiver, and dynamically alter the power loss threshold, during wireless power transmission, based on the power data.
 20. The wireless power transfer system of claim 17, wherein the continuous foreign object detection further includes determining a second Q proximate to the transmitter coil, determining if the second Q is in the receiver Q range, determining if a first power loss from the first Q to the second Q exceeds the power loss threshold, if the power loss exceeds the power loss threshold, determining that a foreign object is present proximate to the transmitter coil continuing wireless power transfer, if the power loss is less than the power loss threshold. 